USA: huranda pamberi peHondo Yenyika, African American demographics uye maitiro ayo pamaDemocratic primaries.

United States, antebellum varanda, African American demographics, uye kukanganisa pa 2016 Democratic primaries.

By PetitCitoyen

Muchinyorwa chakapfuura ndakaongorora mutsauko wakaitwa nemuvhoti weDemocratic kuUS musarudzo dzema primaries kusvika nguva isati yaitwa sarudzo muNew York, chokwadi Clinton akawana mhedzisiro yakanaka mune yaimbova Confederate states uku Sanders akahwina mune mamwe (maererano paavhareji), kukunda kwaClinton kuchamhembe kuri kudiki pane izvo zviri kumaodzanyemba.

Muchinyorwa ichocho handina kuongorora zvikonzero zvekusiyana uku muvhoti, sezvakaratidzwa nevakawanda venyu, imhaka yerutsigiro rukuru rwaClinton pakati pevashoma, kunyanya veAfrica-America, uye ndicho chinhu chekuongorora chinyorwa ichi. Kuti ndiite izvi, ndinodzokera zvakare kumambakwedza eHondo Yenyika (1861-1865), kuti ndione, muchidimbu, nhoroondo yezvino yeboka remadzinza rakati.

Ini ndichatanga nekutaura nezveuranda, sezvo hukama huripo pakati pehuwandu hwevatema huri muUnited States uye mavambo evaranda huri pachena. Huranda hwakabviswa muUS pakupera kweHondo yeVanhu, saka ini ndichapa iyo data kubva kune mbiri census hondo isati yatanga (1850 na1860) uye shanduko yehuwandu hwevaranda pakati pavo.

Dzimwe data yapfuura, kupesana pakati pechamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwainyatsojeka kubva pakatanga kuzvitonga kunoshanda kweUnited States mushure mekusainwa kweChibvumirano cheParis muna 1783. Munguva pfupi hondo isati yatanga, nyika dzekuchamhembe dzaive nevagari vemamiriyoni gumi nepfumbamwe. hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwainyanya kuda demokrasi, hupfumi hwayo hwaive hwakavakirwa pamaindasitiri uye huwandu hwevaranda hwakanga husipo kana kusarira, nepo maodzanyemba aive nevagari vangangosvika mamirioni gumi nemaviri, tsika dzayo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzaive dzemhando yepamusoro, hupfumi hwayo hwaive hwakavakirwa pakudyara kwecapitalist. kurima kunotsigirwa nebasa revaranda, saka huwandu hwevaranda kumaodzanyemba hwaive hwakakosha. (Atlas Yenhoroondo, 19-12).

1)      Uranda pamberi peHondo Yenyika (1861-1865).

Nezve 1850 census, inodzosera data rinotevera:

- Confederate States*:

-Nyika dzakachengeta huranda asi dzakaramba dzakatendeka kuMubatanidzwa*:

Naizvozvo, musiyano wakakura unogona kuonekwa, avhareji muNyika dzeChibvumirano ingangoita 40%, muVabatanidzwa haisviki 13%, uyezve, nepo huranda huripo mune imwe neimwe yenyika dzeConfederacy, mune Vashoma kwazvo ve. Union inodzokorora hunhu uhu.

Iyo data yakapihwa ne1860 census ndeiyi:

- Confederate States*:

-Muranda anoti akatendeka kuMubatanidzwa*:

Avhareji inoramba yakada kufanana muConfederate States, asi nekuwedzera kudiki (+ 0,51%) maitiro anodzoserwa mumatunhu eMubatanidzwa (-1,16%).

Tinofanira kuyeuka kuti, zvichibva pahuwandu hwenhapwa nehurumende maererano nehuwandu hwevanhu, vakati chikamu chichaderera munenge mamatunhu ese kunze kweAlabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee neTexas, asi izvi zvakanyanya kukonzerwa inochinja huwandu hwevanhu muhuwandu hwemahara pane kudzikira chaiko kwevaranda. Mukutaura kwakakwana, varanda kuwedzera mune ALL states, kusvika pamwero mukuru kana mudiki, kunze kwemaviri eMubatanidzwa (Maryland neDelaware), uye nyaya iri pachena yeNew Jersey umo uwandu hwevaranda hunonyangarika kubva pane imwe census kuenda kune inotevera.

Kuti ndione shanduko mumashoko akakwana ndinoratidza data rinotevera:

-Kubatana:

Kwakabva: “Zana Remazana Ekukura Kwevanhu, XIV. Nhamba dzeVaranda” (Tafura 61, peji 134).

-Mubatanidzwa:

Kwakabva: “Zana Remazana Ekukura Kwevanhu, XIV. Nhamba dzeVaranda” (Tafura 61, peji 134).

Kuwedzera kwakakosha kunoonekwa zvakare muConfederate states; mune avo vakaramba vakavimbika kuMubatanidzwa kuwedzera kudiki kana kuderera, semuDelaware kana Maryland, pamwe Missouri ndiyo inosarudzika.

Imwe dhata yekufarira:

Muna 1850 huwandu hwevanhu veUnited States hwaive huwandu hwevagari vanopfuura mamirioni makumi maviri nematatu, 23 vavo vaive varanda, muna 3.2 huwandu hwevanhu hwakwira kusvika pamamirioni 1860 (+ 31,1%) nepo huwandu hwenhapwa hwakawedzera nezvikamu zvitatu kubva muzvina. kusvika pedyo nemamiriyoni mana evaranda (35), iyo yaimiririra kuwedzera kwe4%. Nokudaro, maererano nekukura kwese, iyo yehuwandu hwevaranda yakaderera, izvi zvinotsanangura kuti muna 3.949.557 chikamu chevaranda pamusoro pehuwandu hwevanhu (iyo yenyika yose) yaiva 23,4% apo muna 1850 kuti Nhamba iyi inoderera kusvika 13,87% (- 1860%), pasinei nekuwedzera kwenhamba yevaranda nevanhu vanenge 12,68, chikamu chavo chevanhu chinoderera. ( Census of 1,19 and 750.000).

Ini ndinopa idzi data nekuti, kwenguva yakati, chikamu cheAmerican historiography chakaedza kupokana kuti uranda hwaive chiitiko mukuderera chingadai chakanyangarika chega, uye vakaona muHondo yeVanhu vehurumende hutsinye kubva kuchamhembe kwakananga kumaodzanyemba, vamwe vakakakavara. kuti Uranda hwakanga huri chiitiko chakasimba chaisazopera uye kuti kupindira kwezvematongerwe enyika kwaidiwa kuti hupere. Kubva pane data yandapa Ndeupi mufungo wako?

2)      Huwandu hwevanhu veAfrica muAmerica:

Zviri pachena kuti pane kuwirirana pakati penyika apo chiitiko cheuranda chakanga chiri chikuru, uye ikozvino African American demographics, pasinei nekufamba kwevanhu vanotama, iyi link yakanga ichiri kufarirwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21.

Mumatunhu ose anga akabatana, huwandu hwevanhu vatema hunodarika 10%, mune dzimwe dzacho chikamu ichi chinodarika 20% seLouisiana, Mississippi, Carolinas, Alabama neGeorgia. Mune dzimwe nyika dzisiri dzeConfederacy, vanhu vatema vakangopfuura gumi muzana muNew York, Michigan, New Jersey, neIllinois, mhedzisiro yekutama-tama. MuMissouri zvakare inodarika 10% uye muMaryland inodarika makumi maviri muzana (nyika dzese dziri mbiri dzakabatana nechiitiko cheuranda), iyo yekupedzisira iri iyo yega nyika kunze kwemiganhu yeConfederacy yakapfuura nhamba iyi mumakore ekutanga ezana ramakore rechi10. (Historical Atlas, peji 20, mepu inoti “The Black Population”).

3)      Democratic primaries.

Kubvumbi 26 uno kune maDemocratic primaries muConnecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania neRhode Island. Ndechipi chinongedzo chiripo pakati pezvese zvakurukurwa kusvika parizvino nemaDemocratic primaries? Sezvandambotaura pakutanga, vanhu vatema.

Vashoma vanoita sevanosarudzira Clinton, handisi kuzoenda pama primaries ese kusvika parizvino, semuenzaniso inyaya ichangoburwa yesarudzo muNew York, yakaitwa muna Kubvumbi 19, mudunhu iri Clinton akawana 58% uye Sanders akawana 42%. 63,4%, asi muNew York City pachayo zvikamu izvozvo zvakasiyana, 36,6% kwekutanga uye XNUMX% kwechipiri.

Kana tikatyora iyo data yakapihwa neThe New York Times, nevashoma tinoona zvinotevera:

-Mumatunhu aya umo vachena vanodarika 50%, Sanders anowana anenge makumi mana muzana evhoti (40).

-Mune iyo iyo vanhu veSpain vanopfuura makumi mashanu muzana, Sanders anowana 50%

-Mune avo vevashoma veAsia, 42.2%

-Mune avo vevatema vashoma, 30,3%

Kazhinji tinoona dambudziko guru iro Sanders anaro, vachena uye vashoma veAsia vanovandudza avhareji yavo, vanhu veSpanishi vanofamba zvakanyanya kana zvishoma paavhareji asi vachiwedzera mhedzisiro zvishoma, debacle inouya nevanhu vatema, iyo inowedzera. 6,5% zvichienzaniswa neavhareji yepasi rose.

Zviri pachena kuti idzi data dzinobva kumatunhu ane vanopfuura 50% yevagari vemapoka aya, saka havasi vanhu vese vakavhota mudunhu rine vanopfuura 50% vekuAsia ndeveAsia, asi inoshanda kuti iwane pfungwa. Iyo data zvakare inofambirana nemhedzisiro kusvika parizvino mune mamwe maprimaries, uko kune vanhu vatema vakawanda, Clinton anotsvaira.

Ndedzipi mhedziso dzatingatore pamaprimaries musi wa26 Kubvumbi?

Delaware yaive nyika yenhapwa asi nezvikamu zvidiki kwazvo zvevaranda, vanhu vatema havana huremu hwakakura sekumaodzanyemba uye hakuna ongororo dzakawanda (kana chero zvachose) saka handizozvivaraidza ini.

Maryland yakaita huremu hunokosha muchiitiko cheuranda, kunyange zvazvo isina kufanana nevavakidzani vayo kumaodzanyemba, avhareji yeongororo yakaitwa paReal Clear Politics peji inofanotaura kukunda kwaClinton nemapoinzi makumi maviri nemana, angave kukunda kukuru. yaHillary mudunhu riri kunze kweConfederate miganhu. Asi zvinokwanisika here? Tisingatarise chikanganiso icho ongororo dzimwe nguva dzinenge dziripo, ngatitarisei pamepu inotevera, inoratidza madzitateguru anozivikanwa nedunhu:

Kwayaka: Wikipedia.

Zvinocherechedzwa kuti ruzhinji rwematunhu uko madzitateguru eAfrica-America anotungamira ari kumaodzanyemba; muMaryland kune zvakare, asi kusvika padiki. Kana tikatarisa pamepu padanho rehurumende, Maryland inoonekwa pakati pematunhu umo ruzhinji rwevanhu vari verudzi rweAfrica America. Kana tikabatanidza izvi neyakaratidzirwa chokwadi chekunzwira tsitsi kukuru kwevatema veClinton, tinogona kuona kuti mukana wavanopa Hillary wemapoinzi makumi maviri neshanu pamusoro pemukwikwidzi wake unoshanda, asi zvingave zviri kure kubva kune izvo zvakanakira makumi mana. -20 mapoinzi akawanikwa kumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba, uko kune matunhu makuru edzinza reAfrica America.

Nyaya yeNew England.

New England inoti: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Massachusetts uye Rhode Island.

Idzo inyika dzine mukurumbira we "kufambira mberi", pakatove nesarudzo mu4 dzadzo, uye vanoita kunge vane fungidziro huru kune anozviti mumiriri wesocialist, Sanders:

Kunobva: The New York Times.

Mune ese, Sanders akahwina nemukana wakakosha, kunze kweMassachusetts, uko Clinton akakunda neisingasviki poindi nehafu.

Chipiri chino musi wa26 pane sarudzo mumatunhu maviri asara eNew England, mumaviri ari kuita sekuti Clinton ari kutungamira musarudzo asi nepadiki diki. MuRhode Island avhareji inomupa 2.5% inotungamira, asi iyo yazvino kufanotaura mukana kune maSanders emapoinzi mana. MuConnecticut, mukana waClinton wakati kurei, 4 mapoinzi paavhareji, asi fungidziro yazvino uno inofanotaura ingangoita tayi yehunyanzvi ine musiyano wemapoinzi maviri uchifarira Hillary.

Ko New England inoti "inofambira mberi" zvechokwadi here? Sezvo ndanga ndichitaura nezveuranda, ndichaswedera kumubvunzo kubva pamaonero iwayo.

Muna 1790, maererano necensus, nyika nhatu chete dzakanga dzabvisa uranda, vose vari vatatu vaiva New England, Vermont, Maine neMassachusetts vaiva mapiyona. Iyo data kubva kune dzimwe nyika nhatu dzinonongedza munzira imwechete, huranda mavari hwaive hudiki kwazvo, muNew Hampshire maingova nevaranda zana nemakumi mashanu nenomwe, muRhode Island 157, uye Connecticut ndiyo yaive nenhamba huru yevaranda, 958. Kuenzanisa mamiriro ezvinhu nevavakidzani vavo kumaodzanyemba, vanobuda zvakanaka kwazvo, muNew Jersey nhamba yevaranda yakasvika kudarika 2.648, yakapetwa kaviri muNew York, kumaodzanyemba, vose vari vaviri Carolinas vaiva nevaranda vanopfuura 10.000 100.000, Virginia yakapotsa yasvika. 300.000. (Nhamba dzeVaranda, p. 132).

Mepu yeNew England, Kwakabva: Wikipedia.

Mabhuku:

Makore zana Ekukura Kwevanhu, XIV. Statics yeVaranda, mapeji 132-141.

USA Census. (1850).

USA Census. (1860).

Zvematongerwo enyika Zvakajeka: http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/latest_polls/

SANTACANA MESTRE, Juan., uye ZARAGOZA RUVIRA, Gonzalo. (2002): Historical Atlas. EDICIONES SM, Pinto (Madrid), mapeji. 102-103.

The New York Times. Mibairo yekutanga: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/us/elections/primary-calendar-and-results.html?_r=0 nePrimary mhedzisiro muNew York City: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/04/19/us/elections/new-york-city-democratic-primary-results.html#11/40.7100/-73.9800

Notes:

*Matafura mana ekutanga anoonekwa asina bibliography nekuti iwo data randakaverenga zvichibva pakuverenga kwevanhu kwa1850 na1860 sezvo mune idzi data remahara nevaranda uye yakazara yakaonekwa asi mune akazara, pasina muzana.

** Mune data reVirginia muna 1860 panogona kunge paine chikanganiso sezvo census yakanga yadzikira zvishoma muchikamu ichocho uye imwe yenhamba yacho haina kutaridzika zvakanaka.