Logograms: kunzwisisa mitauro yekumabvazuva

Chinyorwa chaLuis Rubio

Muchinyorwa chekupedzisira chandakanyora, imwe yemisoro yakakonzeresa hurukuro yaive pamusoro mitauro yokumabvazuva, saka isu tichatarisa ichi chinyorwa chitsva pazviri. 

Isu takati mukati memhuri yemutauro weChinese mune mitauro isingagoneke kuti inzwisise mumutauro wemuromo seSpanish neNorwegian. Uye zvakadaro, muchimiro chavo chekunyora vanogona kufanana. Izvi zvinogoneka nekuda kwe ma logograms, inonziwo 漢字 (hànzì in Standard Mandarin, kanji muchiJapanese).

Nzira yakanakisa yekunzwisisa iyi pfungwa ndeye mienzaniso:

貓 zvinoreva 'katsi' mumutauro weChinese chero upi zvake (kunyangwe zvichitaurwa muchiMandarin zvinogona zvakare kureva 'kuvanda', muchiCantonese 'kudhakwa', muQuanzhou Hokkien 'anonyima' uye muZhangzhou Hokkien 'tsvina').

Zvisinei, 貓 Rinodudzwa zvakasiyana zvichienderana nemutauro wemuverengi: māo in standard Mandarin, miáo in Sichuan Mandarin, māau in Guangzhou Cantonese, miú in Taishan Cantonese, màu in gan, miàu in Meixian Hakka, māu in jin, uye refu etcetera.

Zvichida mutsauko hauratidziki wakashata kwatiri (vose vanouya pedyo nekurira kwemeow), asi ngatifungei izvozvo. Mumitauro yechiChinese, syllable imwe neimwe ishoko pacharo. uye matauriro anoenderana nezwi rinofanirwa kushandiswa, saka musiyano hausisiri mudiki uye unokanganisa zvakanyanya kunzwisisa. 

Toni chikamu chakakosha chemitauro yeChinese. Somuenzaniso, mumutauro weMandarin tinogona kutaura "Mā mà mǎ ma?" (媽罵馬嗎) kubvunza kuti "Amai vakapopotera bhiza here?"

Iwe unofanirwa zvakare kugara uchifunga izvozvo Mumakore ekuma60, hurumende yeChina yakarerutsa chikamu chikuru chemavara echiChinese., izvo zvakaita kuti pave nechiChinese Chakarerutswa. Mumuenzaniso wedu uri pamusoro, 貓 ingave yechiChinese yechinyakare, ukuwo 猫 ichiitwa chiChinese chakarerutswa (uye zvakare inoenderana nemavara anoshandiswa muchiJapan, apo zvinorevawo 'katsi' uye inodaidzwa kuti 'neko').

Yakazara MuChinese anoziva kuverenga anobata mahànzì akasiyana ari pakati pe3 4 neXNUMX XNUMX, kunyange zvazvo philologist yakanaka inogona kubata kusvika ku6 zviuru uye kune maduramazwi ane pedyo ne100 zviuru. Muchiitiko cheJapan, MuJapan akadzidza “chete” anofanira kuziva 2136 kanji. Zvisinei, muchiJapan, kuwedzera kune kanji, kune mamwe maarufabheti maviri anoshandiswa. ( syllabaries, kwete logograms) iyo inowanzoshandiswa semubatsiri ku kanji.

Uye vanodzidza sei ma logogram akawanda kudaro? Uye vanoriwana sei muduramazwi? Kiyi iri muzvikamu (zvinonziwo radicals). Kana tikanyatsotarisa katsi kanji tinowana zvinhu zvitatu zvinonzi radicals: 犭, 艹 y 田.

Chekutanga (犭) zvinoreva Imbwa, wechipiri (艹) uswa uye wechitatu (田) munda wezvirimwa. Uye kunyangwe zvingave zvakatiomera kuwana logic muDOG+RASS+CROP FIELD = CAT, Pakati pezviuru zvezviitiko pane zvakawanda zvine chirevo chinopfuura pachena. 

Somuenzaniso, kana 木 uri muti. Chii chichava 林? A grove uye 森? Sango. Nenzira iyi, kutevera pfungwa dzinoita zvishoma kana zvishoma, zviuru zvemalogogiramu anoshandiswa kunyanya muChina neJapan anobuda (kare aishandiswawo muVietnam neKorea asi akawira mukusashandiswa).  Iyo yakawanda iripo kanji/hànzìs inogona kuwanikwa nekusanganisa anongopfuura zana radicals., iyo inobatsira zvikuru kudzidza.

Kubatsira kukuru kwelogograms ndeyekuti vanogona kushandiswa vanhu vanotaura mitauro yakasiyana kwazvo vanogona kunzwisisa iwo meseji yakanyorwa pamwero wakanyanya. Uyezve, huwandu hukuru hweruzivo hunogona kufambiswa mune diki meseji yakanyorwa (Tweet mumutauro weChinese inogona kuve neruzivo rwakawanda kupfuura muSpanish) Uye chakaipa chikuru chinodikanwa chokudzidza kwete bedzi revo asiwo kududzwa kwerimwe nerimwe rawo.

Nezvinangwa zvekudzidzisa, kuita kwe Mutauro wechiSpanish ungave wakaita sei kana tikabatanidza kushandiswa kwemalogogiramu? (kune mamwe mazwi chete, sezvavanoita muchiJapan), vachibvumira vamwe vatorwa kuti vafambise kunzwisisa kwavo mukunyora.

Nenzira iyi, ndinoda kupedzisa chinyorwa nekuita a kuedza, izvo vamwe vangafunga kuzvidza:

Kune imwe 看, imwe 界,

imwe 笑, imwe 天,

for a 吻…¡我 no 知

kuti iwe 给 for a 吻!

何是诗?你說 apo 你钉

mumuromo mangu 瞳蓝

何是诗…? Uye iwe ini?

诗… 是 你 !

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