[Mafungiro] Kunyepa kwekushaikwa kwekushanduka kwemusika wevashandi weSpanish.

[chinyorwa na liber_zvose]

Flexible: RAE 3. adj. Izvo hazvisi pasi pemitemo yakasimba, dzidziso kana zvipingamupinyi.

Zvakajairika kuti vanhu, kunyanya avo vanozviti vane rusununguko, vatarise zviri nyore kuhurongwa hwemutemo husina zvipingamupinyi nemitemo yekuhaya nekudzinga vashandi nemakambani akazvimirira.

Kana vanhu ava vataura kuoma sechikonzero chekushaikwa kwemabasa, chavari kutiudza ndechekuti mutemo weSpanish unoganhurira maererano nekuhaya kana kupfura.

Flexibility: Kugona kuchinjika zviri nyore kune akasiyana mamiriro kana kugadzirisa zviyero kune akasiyana mamiriro kana zvinodiwa.

Chokwadi ndechekuti musika wevashandi weSpain unoshanduka-shanduka, mhedzisiro yeshanduko dzakati wandei dzakaitwa mumakore makumi matatu nemashanu apfuura. Mazuva ano, mushandirwi anogona kupfura pasina chikonzero kana kururamiswa kupfuura chishuwo chiri nyore kuita kudaro uye anogona kuhaya kunyange kweawa imwe chete. Kune akasiyana makondirakiti anochinjika kunenge ese mamiriro angave ari mushandi, vanogona kuhaya nekusingaperi asi kwenguva isingaenderere mberi, vanogona kuhaya chete kuita basa kana sevhisi, kutsiva mumwe mushandi, kwenguva yakati rebei. .yakatemerwa kuti rinogona kunge riri zuva rimwe chete, kwenguva isingazivikanwi,  kune kana zviitiko zvakakosha zvevashandi vari mukudzidzira basa kana makondirakiti ekudzidziswa.

Zvimwe chetezvo zvinoitika nekudzingwa basa, mushandirwi anogona kudzinga chero nguva uye pasina chikonzero chekutsinhanisa muripo unongowedzerwa kumutengo wemushandi. Muripo uyu wanga uchidzikira neshanduko yega yega uye kune zvakare zviitiko umo inonyangarika kana kudzikiswa zvakatowedzera. Iyi inyaya yekudzingwa kana kudzingwa basa nekuda kwezvikonzero.

Nokudaro, mutemo wevashandi unoshanduka-shanduka, unogadzirisa zviri nyore kumamiriro akasiyana-siyana, mamiriro kana zvido.

Mubvunzo unotevera ungave wekuti, kuchinjika kwakashanda here kupedza kushaikwa kwemabasa? Mhinduro yacho sezviri pachena haina kunaka sezvatinoona mazuva ose. Tinoona kuti zvave sei munguva yakapfuura.

Iyo inonyanya kukosha shanduko yevashandi inoratidzwa mutsvuku:

9 1984 October

Iyo CEOE, UGT uye Hurumende yesocialist yakasaina Chibvumirano cheEconomic and Social Agreement nechinangwa chekukurudzira basa uye zvakasarudzwa kuvhura mikova yekuhaya kwenguva pfupi.

http://elpais.com/diario/1984/10/10/economia/466210807_850215.html

13 June we1994

Yakanga iri shanduko yakanyanya kusimba mumusika wevashandi weSpain, yakasimudzirwa neHurumende yesocialist pasina kubatanidzwa kwemubatanidzwa.

Matanho matsva aimiririra kudzoreredzwa kwezvibvumirano uye hurongwa hwekutaurirana. Makambani akapiwa chishandiso chitsva, nekuwedzera kwezvikonzero zvekudzingwa nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwetekinoroji kana hupfumi zvikonzero zvekumanikidza majeure, uye kushanda uye geographical mobility yakagamuchirwa nekuda kwehunyanzvi, sangano uye hupfumi zvikonzero. Kondirakiti itsva yekudzidza yakagadzirwa, inozivikanwa sekondirakiti isina chinhu, iyo yaitonga masangano evashandi venguva pfupi (ETT).

http://elpais.com/diario/1994/06/14/economia/771544808_850215.html

28 April 1997

Masangano evashandirwi eCEE neCEPYME uye masangano eUGT neCCOO akasaina Chibvumirano cheKugadzikana Kwebasa uye Kukurukurirana Kwakabatana, uko kwaizoshanda kwemakore mana. Chibvumirano ichi chakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: matanho ekurwisa mabasa asina njodzi, kuvandudzwa kwechibvumirano chekubatana pamwe nekuvharirwa kwezvipingamupinyi zvekutonga. Kubvumirana kwakatungamirira kuchibvumirano chitsva chisingagumi nemubhadharo wakaderera wekubvisa (mazuva 33 achienzaniswa ne45 mukushanda). Permanent hiring yakachipa

http://elpais.com/diario/1997/04/29/economia/862264820_850215.html

Kutevedzana kwenguva kwakakwana kunogona kuwanikwa pano http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2010/06/15/actualidad/1276587186_850215.html

Iwo akatevedzana anosanganisira girafu anongodzokera ku2004 asi isu tese tinoziva iyo nyaya. Kuwedzera kwehutsinye mukushayikwa kwemabasa uye shanduko itsva yebasa neZapatero mu2009 iyo isina kudzivirira basa kuti rirambe richiparadzwa pamwero wakanyanya we3 mamwe makore.

6 March we2009

Dare reMakurukota rakabvumidzwa neDecree-Law matanho matanhatu anoshamisa ekuchengetedza nekusimudzira basa uye kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vasingashande tichifunga kuti zvikumbiro zvakange zvatove nekukakavadzana zvakakwana patafura yenhaurirano yemagariro.

http://elpais.com/diario/2009/03/07/economia/1236380402_850215.html

Pfupiso yeaya makore makumi matatu neshanu ndeyekuenderera mberi kuedza kufambisa kudzingwa uye kuhaya, matanho asina kunanga ekusimudzira basa sekudzikiswa kwezvipo, matanho ekuve nemuhoro, nezvimwe. Muchidimbu, kuwedzera kushanduka.

Nekudaro, isu hatigone kuona hukama hwepakati pakati pezviyero izvi uye kudzikira kwekushaikwa kwemabasa; hapana kana chiitiko chakaputsika uye mushure memakore makumi matatu nemashanu ekushanduka, kushaikwa kwemabasa kunogara kuri muhupfumi hweSpain uye huwandu hwebasa hune hanya zvakanyanya kune kukura kwehupfumi.

Saka hazvina musoro kusimbirira kuti pave nekunyanya kushanduka kugadzirisa dambudziko kana makore makumi matatu nemashanu echiitiko akatiratidza kuti zviito zvakadaro hazvina maturo.

Pano zvakakosha kujekesa chimwe chinhu, zita rekuti "kunyepedzera kwekushaikwa kwekushanduka kwemusika wevashandi veSpain" ichokwadi chikamu sezvo ichingoreva izvo zvinonzwisiswa neruzhinji rwevanhu ne "kuchinjika", zvinova izvo zvave zvichiitwa. akataura nezvazvo kusvika zvino. Asi izvi zvinongoreva kushanduka kwekunze, sezviri pachena kuripo mumusika umo mabasa emamiriyoni maviri anogona kuparadzwa uye kusikwa zvakare mumakore matanhatu chete, uye haafungi kuchinjika kwemukati, chinova chinhu chakakosha uye kwachinogona kuva chikonzero chaicho. yekushaikwa kwemabasa.

Ndinokurudzira kuverenga izvi, haisi kureba uye yakananga. Kubva mugwaro iri ndinoburitsa pfungwa dzinotevera.

https://www.uam.es/otros/jaeet13/comunicaciones/14_Macroeconomia_y_MT1/Lebrancon_Nieto.pdf

Zvatinoona mutafura uye girafu nhamba yemaawa anoshandiswa pamushandi uye kusiyanisa kwemaawa akashandwa mukati menguva ya2007 - 2011, pakati pedambudziko.

Muna 2007/2008 maitiro akaputsika uye panguva yedambudziko kushaikwa kwemabasa kwakawedzera asi maawa ekushanda pamushandi akawedzera, kusiyana neruzhinji rwenyika dzeOECD. Izvi zvinoratidza hunhu hwemusika wevashandi vekuSpain, unokwanisa kuparadza nekugadzira basa nekukurumidza asi haugone kunyatso kugovera basa.

Pazasi pane chiyero chekushaikwa kwemabasa nefungidziro mbiri umo basa uye huwandu hwevanhu hunoshanda hunochengetedzwa asi maitiro ekuderera kwemaawa akashanda anoenderera mberi.

Asi nei kugona kwehupfumi hweSpain kugovera basa rakashomeka kudaro?

Chimwe chikonzero chinogona kuwanikwa pachiyero chebhizinesi.

Ngatitii tiri kuedza kugovera basa rakapiwa pakati penhamba yakati yevashandi. Kambani yaizoda vashandi makumi mashanu nemumwe mune yekutanga counterfactual uye gumi nevanomwe mune yechipiri, kuti ikwanise kuwedzera vashandi vayo nemushandi mutsva. Oparesheni iyi yakaitwa tichifunga kuti femu haikwanise kushandura basa rayo rose uye kuti vashandi vese vanokanda mapfumo pasi panguva imwe chete kusvikira chinzvimbo chitsva chapihwa chirongwa chakafanana nechavo. Kusanganiswa kwezvinzvimbo zvine mabasa akasiyana haafungidzirwe pano. Mune yekutanga counterfactual, ine avhareji yezuva rekushanda yemaawa 51, vashandi vevashandi makumi mashanu nevaviri. sumarYaive maawa akaenzana semamwe makumi mashanu nerimwe aine zuva chairo: maawa 51. Mune yechipiri counterfactual, 1.756 vashandi pa18 nehafu yeawa vaizosvika kune imwechete basa rekuita se32 pa17: 35,4 maawa pasvondo. Muna 585 kuSpain, pakati pe2011 ne6% chete yemakambani ane vashandi aive nevashandi vakaenzana kana vanopfuura vanhu gumi nevanomwe. Mafemu ane vashandi vanopfuura makumi mashanu aive ari mashoma: chete 6,5 muzana. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti 17% yemakambani aive ega proprietorships muna 50, saka akange asina vashandi, uye kuti mumakore apfuura ekuwedzera chikamu ichi hachina kumbodonha pasi pe1,7%. Pamusoro pezvo, pamafemu ane vashandi, vanenge 55% vavo vane vashandi vevanhu vashanu kana pasi. Zviyero izvi zvinodzikamisa zvakanyanya kugona kwemakambani kugovera zvakare basa ravo mukati.

Muchokwadi, saizi yemakambani, nyaya yakakanganwa zvachose, inodarika dambudziko rekushanda kuchinjika uye yakabatana zvakanyanya nekubudirira, mari muR&D, iyo propensity yekutengesa kunze kwenyika, zvese izvo zvikanganiso zvehupfumi hweSpain zvichienzaniswa nemhoteredzo.

Imwe yacho inowanikwa munharaunda yebhizimisi.

Maitiro evashandirwi kune zvibvumirano zvenguva-yenguva uye mamwe mafomu emukati ekuchinja, ayo anoreva kugoverwa kwakasiyana kwenguva uye mutoro webasa, zvinogona kuganhurirwa nezvikonzero zvitatu. Yekutanga inoreva tsika kana tsika iyo basa renguva pfupi rinofananidzwa nemamwe masekete, mabasa uye mapoka.

Chikonzero chechipiri chine chekuita nekureruka kwekuverenga uye kuita kwekudzingwa senzira yekugadzirisa. Kana mushandirwi achifanira kudzikisa chero mutoro webasa kana huwandu hwemuhoro, zviri nyore uye nekukurumidza kurega kontrakiti yechinguva ichipera kana kupisa mushandi mumwe kana kupfuura pane kutanga kuverengera maawa uye mihoro kuitira kuchengetedza vashandi.

Chikonzero chechitatu chine chekuita nechekupedzisira. Mukana wekudzingwa unogona kuva nemugumisiro wekuranga kuvashandi.

Zviviri zvezvikonzero zvitatu izvi zvine chekuita nehuviri hwemusika wevashandi, hunyambiri hwakagadzirwa zvisirizvo kuburikidza nemutemo uye izvo zvinosanganisira mamwe matambudziko akadai sekutenderera kwakanyanyisa uye pamwe nekushaikwa kwehunyanzvi, manzwiro asina simba emubatanidzwa pakati pemushandi nekambani yake, etc.

Mukupedzisa, kana kushanduka kwakasarudzwa sechikonzero / mhinduro yekushayikwa kwemabasa (zviri pachena kuti haisi iyo chete chikonzero chekufunga nezvacho, tichasiya nyaya yemubhadharo wakaderera kune imwe yekupinda) tinofanira kutarisa matanho anokurudzira kushanduka kwemukati, kunyanya kuburikidza nemamiriro ezvinhu ane chinangwa chekuwedzera hukuru hwemakambani uye kugadzirisa mabhoti epamutemo akakonzera huviri hwemusika wevashandi pasina izvi zvichireva kuderedzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwebasa (yatove shoma).