[Ukungena komsebenzisi] Uluvo lweFrancoist malunga "nenkqubela phambili" yezoqoqosho kubuzwilakhe.

Elingeno lithunyelwe ngomnye wabasebenzisi bethu ukuze lisasazwe kunye nohlalutyo olulandelayo kwiwebhu. I-Electomania ayinayo ukwabelana ngomxholo wayo, kwaye ayinaxanduva lomxholo wayo, senza kuphela njengendlela yokusasaza kunye nengxoxo.

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NgoNovemba 20, 1975 UFrancisco Franco Bahamonde wasweleka, inkokeli yaseSpeyin ngobabalo lukaThixo. Ukususela ngelo xesha, kwilizwe lethu, inkqubo yedemokhrasi yaqala ukunika inkululeko engakumbi kuluntu lwaseSpain kunye "nokuphucula uqoqosho lwayo." Kodwa ndixelele, emva kweminyaka engama-40 yedemokhrasi, kunye noorhulumente, ekhohlo nasekunene, ngaba kuye kwakho “ukuphucuka kwezoqoqosho?”

Ngezantsi yimeko yezoqoqosho apho iSpain izifumana ikuyo:

• Ukungaphangeli: 20,5% (ngoJanuwari 2016)
• CPI: -0,18 unyaka nonyaka; -1,6% ifunyenwe ngoJanuwari 2016
• Intlawulo yomngcipheko: 131 amanqaku esiseko (01/04/2016)
• Iibhondi ze-10 zeminyaka: 1,44% (01/04/2016)
• Isiqinisekiso setyala:
• IiReyithingi zikaMoody:Ba2
• S&P Iireyithingi: BBB+
• Fitch Ratings: BBB+
• Amatyala oluntu: 1.072.183 euro (99,20% GDP) (2015)
• Intsilelo yoluntu: 5,18% (2015)
• PIB: Ukukhula kweGDP ngekota: 0,8%; Ukukhula kwe-GDP yoNyaka: 3,5% (Ikota ye-IV yowama-2015)
• I-SMI (uMvuzo ophantsi kwabaSebenzi): €655,20 (2016)
• UPhando Lwabemi olusebenzayo – EPA: 20,9 (Disemba 2015)
• IBEX 35 Caphula: 8.602,30 amanqaku (01/04/2016)

Kulula kakhulu, ngenkulungwane yama-21, ukugatya ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lukaFranco njengento embi kakhulu, embi kakhulu, ukuba yenze ubuqhetseba kuphela kwaye ilifa layo lilusizi kunye nokungabikho kwenkululeko yokuthetha, ewe, yile nto kanye wonke umntu ngoku. Iimfuno, ukuba Ngamanye amaxesha iyahamba kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kukho ukushiyeka okuncinci, kodwa inyaniso kukuba, ngexesha likaFranco, uluntu lwaseSpain lwaqhubela phambili, iyamangalisa indlela imfazwe etshabalalisa ngayo yoyiswa kunye nendlela uqoqosho lwaseSpain lwaqala ngayo ukuhamba. phambili.

Ngezantsi ndiphonononga ezinye zeempumelelo zeli xesha:

1) Paro: 510.500 abangaphangeliyo. Izinga lentswela-ngqesho: 3,78% (okwangoku yi-25% yabantu abangaphangeliyo)

2) Igunya lehlabathi le-2 kwicandelo leenkonzo.

3) Amandla oshishino lwe-9 kwihlabathi. Kwi-1975, ishishini limele i-36% ye-GDP. Okwangoku ayifiki kwi-15% ye-GDP.

I-4) Uqoqosho oluvelisayo lwalukhuselwe ngamandla kwaye lwahlukaniswa kwimarike yezemali.

5) Umthetho weSiseko soKhuseleko lweNtlalo (UKhuseleko loLuntu sele lusekiwe ngaphambili, kodwa uFranco waliphucula kwaye walinika uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olongezelelweyo)

6) 515 amadama kuyo yonke ijografi yaseSpain.

7) Ukwakhiwa kwe ngaphezu kwe-9.000.000 yamakhaya yoKhuseleko olusemthethweni.

8) Udidi oluPhakathi: i-56% yabemi (43% ngo-2008).

9) Intlawulo yeKrisimesi eyongezelelweyo.

10) Intlawulo eyongezelelweyo ngoJulayi 18.

11) Amagosa karhulumente angama-700.000. (Ngaphezu kwe-3.000.000 namhlanje).

12) I-12,8% yetyala kwi-GDP (76% okwangoku).

13) Iiyunivesithi ezingama-21 Izikolo zabasebenzi kunye nezikolo zabasebenzi ezininzi.

14) Inyanga e-1 okanye iintsuku zekhalenda ezingama-30, iiholide ezihlawulwayo ngonyaka.

15) Amanqanaba amathathu oncedo kwiintsapho ezinkulu, ngokwenani labantwana.

16) Ukunyuswa kwemivuzo yenyanga, imali encinci eyimali, kumntwana ngamnye womsebenzi ngamnye (Eyaziwa ngokuba 'Ngamanqaku')

17) Ukubuya simahla kwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke zasezidolophini, kumatikiti akhutshiweyo kude kube ngu-9:00 ekuseni.

18) Konke ipropathi yabucala, ibingenakuhluthwa. (Ubugcisa be32 Fuero de los Españoles).

I-19) Intshutshiso engapheliyo yazo zonke iintlobo zenzala (Isahluko IX-3rd Law Law).

20) Umsebenzi wathatha indawo yokuqala ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye into. Abantu babengenakuphazamiseka okanye bathintelwe ekwenzeni umsebenzi wabo.

21) Imivuzo yayikhululwe ngokupheleleyo ekubambeni nasekuhlawulweni kweerhafu.

22) Irhafu yeNkampani yeTrafikhi, (ITE, i-VAT yangoku) yayiyi-2%. (Okwangoku yi-21% esebenzayo).

23) Ukuvulwa kwamashishini amancinci kwakungafuni iimfuno ezisemthethweni ngaphaya kokhuseleko kunye nococeko.

24) Umthetho wesizwe omnye kunye nommiselo ulungelelanise kwaye womeleza uqoqosho lwemimandla enemveliso.

25) Amabhunga amaphondo alungelelanisa ubudlelwane bezopolitiko phakathi kukarhulumente noomasipala, ethathela indawo iCC.AA ngexabiso elingenamsebenzi.

26) Ubungqongqo bombuso kunye nobungqongqo ekusetyenzisweni komthetho kwanciphisa amanqanaba orhwaphilizo ukuba angabinamsebenzi.

27) Ukuthintelwa kokuphazamisa unikezelo lwamanzi, umbane okanye amalahle ezindlini ngenxa yokungahlawulwa.

I-28) Ukuzimela okupheleleyo kweemarike ezivelisayo kwimarike yezemali kunye nokukhuselwa kwayo kwinzala, kuvelise i-accounting egqwesileyo yezoshishino kunye nemiphumo yomvuzo, ishiya i-100% yenzuzo ezandleni zabo bavelise ubutyebi.

29) Amandla okuthenga amaSpeyin angaba phakathi kwe-1.000% kunye ne-1.500% ngaphezu kwamandla okuthenga ngoku.

30) Oohola bendlela besizwe aba-6 kunye naleyo yaseToledo, yachaphazela indlela yoku-1 ye-M-30 yaseMadrid, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-radials, baqulunqa ukuthuthwa kwendlela yothungelwano lwendlela yesizwe. (Emva kwethuba zatyhilwa, zisenza ukuba zibe nguhola wendlela)

31) Indawo yokuhlala yabantu baseSpain yayingenakonakala. Akukho mntu wayenokufikelela kuyo ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe okanye umyalelo wenkundla. (Ngoku amapolisa anomyalelo wenkundla aqhekeza iingcango aze abethe abahlali, ngaphambi kokuba abaphose esitratweni, ukuba bayaxhathisa ukukhuthuzwa).

32) Amanqanaba asezantsi olwaphulo-mthetho, phantse angenamsebenzi, anika ukhuseleko oluphezulu ezidolophini nakuwo wonke ummandla wesizwe, iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku. Izigidi zamakhaya, iitempile kunye nezinye, azizange zisebenzise izitshixo kwiminyango yazo.

33) Unikezelo lwezindlu ezikhuselweyo ngokusemthethweni lwalukhetha ngokungqongqo, kulandela iingxelo ezivela kwabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni, kwaye ngamaxabiso aphakathi kwanto nangaphezulu kancinci kunomfuziselo, ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko kunye nenani labantwana.

34) Ngenxa yokuzimela ngokwasezimalini kobuninzi boqoqosho oluvelisayo, iziganeko zokunyuka kwamaxabiso angaphakathi zaziphantsi kakhulu, zinceda ukuxhasa ukuguquguquka kwimarike yangaphandle.

I-35) Iziqinisekiso malunga nentlalontle yoluntu eyenziwe yawela kwimanyano ethe nkqo elawulwa yi-FE kunye ne-JONS, njengabandulela kunye nabadali bayo.

36) Ngaphakathi komanyano oluthe nkqo, umanyano olujoliswe kubukomanisi, iCC.OO, lwadalwa, lwazahlula-hlula kamva. Kwakhona uFalangist owaziwayo, uFelipe González, waba nguNobhala Jikelele we-PSOE yaseYurophu, i-PSOE kunye noMongameli kaRhulumente waseSpain. Ngexesha lolawulo lukaFranco yayinandipha ukukhuselwa ngurhulumente. Yaye phezu kwako nje ukuvalwa umlomo, ubukho bamaqela ezobupolitika neemanyano zabasebenzi babusaziwa luluntu njengoko yayinjalo inkoliso yemisebenzi yawo. Isishwankathelo, ngokutsho kweInternational Labour Organization (ILO), inani logwayimbo eSpeyin, ukususela ngowe-1963 ukusa kowe-1974, nangona lwalungavumelekanga, luye lwalandelayo:

1963, 241 ugwayimbo.

1964, 126 ugwayimbo.

1965, 150 ugwayimbo.

1966, 147 ugwayimbo.

1967, 513 ugwayimbo.

1968, 309 ugwayimbo.

1969, 439 ugwayimbo.

1970, 1.542 ugwayimbo.

1971, 549 ugwayimbo.

1972, 713 ugwayimbo

1974, 1.926 ugwayimbo.

37) Ukudalwa kwe “Uncedo lweNtlalo” leyo, phakathi kwezinye izibonelelo, “yatyala” iSpain ngeekhikhini zesuphu zasimahla kwabaswele kakhulu.

38) Ukudalwa kwe Umhlalaphantsi womhlalaphantsi, kunye naleyo ye Ubuhlolokazi (ngokucaphula)

39) Ukusekwa kwexesha elinyanzelekileyo lomhlalaphantsi.

40) Ukudalwa kwe Izikolo zikaRhulumente neziSimahla, kwimfundo enyanzelekileyo, ukuze kupheliswe ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala.

41) Ukudalwa kwe Izikolo zoQeqesho loMsebenzi.

42) Ukusekwa kobuncinci beminyaka yokuqala yobomi bokusebenza.

43) Ukusekwa koMvuzo ophantsi wobuGcisa.

44) Isiqinisekiso sembuyekezo yemali kwiimeko zokugxothwa ngokungafanelekanga.

45) Ukudalwa koMthetho waBasebenzi owaqinisekisa kubo oko kwakusele kukhankanyiwe nokunye okuninzi.

46) Ukudalwa konomathotholo kawonke-wonke kwaye, ngelo xesha, kunye nomabonakude woLuntu

47) Ukudalwa kweeNkampani zokukhusela kunye nokudibanisa abantu abakhubazekileyo, njengaye KWAKUNYE, Ukubheja kwezeMidlalo yeSisa, njl..

48) Ukudalwa kwe Iinkampani zeOli zikaRhulumente

Idale intatho-nxaxheba ethe ngqo yoRhulumente, ekukhuthazeni nasekuphuhliseni iShishini, imfuyo kunye nezolimo, ngokusebenzisa:

Ukuba uFranco wayelawula iSpeyin ixesha elide, kwakungenxa yokuba imeko yayinganelanga, uFranco wayelungiselela iSpeyin ngekamva, iSpeyin yayingayi kufikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezifikelele kuyo (kamva zatshatyalaliswa ngabo rhulumente "wedemokhrasi") ukuba kwakungenjalo. Franco. Ukubhangisa ngokupheleleyo koqoqosho lwaseSpain yiRiphabhlikhi bekuya kuba yimiqobo nje uFranco ayibeke kwinkululeko yokuthetha.

Ngaba izinto zenziwe kakubi? Ngokucacileyo, kodwa kwakubi kakhulu kwezinye iingcinezelo zaseSoviet ezifana ne-USSR, iNorth Korea okanye i-China, ezinye zisasebenza, apho izithintelo zazibi ngaphezu kwe-Franco yaseSpain kwaye ngaphezu koko abazange baqhubele phambili kwezoqoqosho.

Ngezantsi ndikushiya olunye uluhlu lwedatha ebalulekileyo malunga nempumelelo yolawulo lukaFranco:

Imithetho:

NgoSeptemba 1, 1939. UMthetho weNkxaso-mali yoSapho.

Ngomhla wama-23 kuSeptemba 1939. uMthetho weNkxaso-mali yabaDala.

NgoJulayi 13, 1940. Umthetho ngeCawa yokuphumla kunye neeHolide.

NgoNovemba 25, 1942. UMthetho weLifa leMveli.

NgoDisemba 14, 1942. Iinshorensi yokugula okunyanzelekileyo Ukubonelela ngokhuseleko loMthetho we-Inshurensi yokuGula okunyanzelekileyo, kwakhiwa uthungelwano lwesibhedlele, oluxhomekeke kuKhuseleko lweNtlalo:

Iindawo zokuhlala esibhedlele: 292

Iikliniki zezigulane ezingalaliswayo: 500

Iiofisi: 425

Iindawo zokuhlala ezicwangcisiweyo: 96

NgoJanuwari 26, 1944. Isivumelwano seNgqesho, iiholide ezihlawulwayo, ukubeleka kwabasetyhini abasebenzayo kunye neziqinisekiso zomanyano.

NgoNovemba 19, 1944. Umvuzo weKrismesi ongaqhelekanga.

NgoJulayi 18, 1947. Umvuzo ongaqhelekanga ngoJulayi 18.

NgoJuni 14, 1950. Uhlaziyo lwe-INP ukwenzela ukugubungela okungcono kwisenzo sokukhusela.

NgoJuni 22, 1956. Iingozi Zomsebenzi

NgoAprili 24, 1958. Izivumelwano ezidityanelweyo

Epreli 23, 1959. Ukubambisana kwezolimo. Lo mthetho ubandakanya abasebenzi basezifama abayi-2.300.000, abaqeshiweyo nabaziqeshileyo.

NgoAprili 2, 1961. I-Inshurensi yokungaphangeli.

ngoJuni 14, 1962. Uncedo Lwabakhulileyo.

NgoDisemba 28, 1963. Umthetho weZiseko zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo.

NgoMeyi 31, 1966. Ulawulo olukhethekileyo lwezoLimo.

Oktobha 2, 1969. I-General Field Ordinance, emisela usuku lomsebenzi weeyure ezisi-8.

Ngo-Agasti 20, 1970. Ukusebenzisana ngokuziQeqesha kwezoLimo.

Disemba 23, 1970. Umthetho weNgqesho yoLuntu.

Phakathi kowe-1960 no-1981 ukuhla kwamaxabiso okuqikelelwayo kulungiswa ngokuncomekayo kumvuzo, ekuqaleni konyaka kungekhona ekupheleni njengoko bekusenziwa ukususela ngo-1981, kunyanzelwa ukuba umvuzo uxhase amandla aphantsi okuthenga.

-Ukuvelisa isiqalo sokuphela kombuso wentlalontle, njengoko inhlalakahle yelizwe yahlanganiswa.

1938 – Izibonelelo.-

-Uxanduva lweenkampani zokubonelela ngeenkantini kubasebenzi bazo.

– Ukukhuthazwa kweekomissaries kunye noomasibambisane.

– Iziko leNtlalo loMkhosi waManzi.

– Ukuphunyezwa kweSicwangciso soMbane kaloliwe.

1938 - uMthetho wezabasebenzi.-

– Ukudalwa kweNkundla yezaBasebenzi.

– Ulawulo lweNkxaso-mali yoSapho olunyanzelekileyo.

– Umthetho weZiseko zoMbutho weSizwe weSyndicalist.

1944

Ukudalwa kweZiko lezoNyango kunye noKhuseleko kunye noCoceko eMsebenzini

1956

Ukudalwa kweeNkonzo zoNyango lweNkampani

1972

Ukudalwa kweyeza loThintelo kunye neeNkonzo zeMpilo kaRhulumente

Ummiselo we-1433/1975, we-30 kaMeyi.- Olawula ukubandakanywa kweelwimi zomthonyama kwiinkqubo zaMaziko eMfundo yaBantwana kunye neSiseko Jikelele.

Ukufunda nokubhala.-

Kwizikolo zeSpanishi, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, iikhosi zasimahla zinikwe amandla emva kwemini nangokuhlwa, zilungelelaniswe neeshedyuli zomsebenzi zabantu abadala abangakwaziyo ukufunda nokubhala okanye abo banomdla wokuphucula umgangatho wabo wemfundo.

Ukuvela kokungakwazi ukufunda eSpain.-

1930……………44%

1960……………11%

1975……………5%

Kwaye ngoku ndiza kufumana "ubuqili" obuqhelekileyo osoloko esithi: "kunjalo, kodwa ukuba siyayithelekisa kunye namanye amagunya aseYurophu yedemokhrasi ngelo xesha, kakuhle, benza ngcono." Kwaye kuyinyani, kodwa loo magunya ngawona awayiphikisayo iSpain phesheya kwaye akazange ayivumele ukuba yande.Ukuba iSpain ibingenazo ezo zithintelo, ibiya kuba ligunya elikhulu laseYurophu, kwezoqoqosho nakwezentlalo.

Yingakho ndinokuqinisekisa ukuba i-Franco Regime ibe yeyona "ntlalontle" okanye "intlalontle" ekhoyo eSpain. Kude kube ngoku.