I-23F: ukuthi ukwehluleka ukukhipha amadokhumenti kubeka kanjani ukungabaza kokuthi kwenzekeni ngempela

NgoFebhuwari 23, 1981 Iqembu lamaCivil Guards elaliyalwe nguTejero langena kuCongress limemeza lithi “wonke umuntu akathule!” futhi Wenze izwe lonke libambe umoya ngokwenza umzamo wokuketula umbuso ongaphumelelanga, kuze kube yinamuhla, osalokhu udala ukungabaza okuningi.. Yakhiwa kanjani? Ngabe kuyiqiniso ukuthi ubuhlakani baseNyakatho Melika bebazi ngalokhu emasontweni edlule? Yayiyini indima kaJuan Carlos I phakathi nesifundo sayo? Futhi ekaFelipe González?

Uhlobo olusemthethweni

Inguqulo esemthethweni, evezwe abezindaba kanye neqembu lezepolitiki ngokwengxenye ngenxa yecala elalahla ababambe iqhaza ohlelweni lokuketula umbuso, lithi iqembu lamasosha aqinile, ayenganelisekile ngokukhukhuleka kwezinguquko ezase ziqalile ezweni. (njengokugunyazwa komthetho wedivosi) kanye nomkhathizwe oseduze wokuhamba kuka-Adolfo Suárez kanye nesisindo esikhulayo seqembu lezenhlalakahle, Banquma ukuhlela ukuvukela umbuso ukuze kumiswe uhulumeni oholwa yindoda yezempi (uGeneral Armada) futhi kugcinwe 'izimiso zokushisekela izwe'..

Ngo-18:00 ntambama ngoFebhuwari 23, ithimba lonogada bangena esigcawini seCongress of Deputies. futhi yamisa iseshini yephalamende eyayivotela ukutshalwa kwezimali kuka-Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo njengoMongameli Kahulumeni ukuze athathe isikhundla sika-Adolfo Suárez. Emuva kokumemeza amasekela ukuthi anganyakazi, kwadutshulwa kaningi ophahleni lwendlu futhi iningi lamalungu ephalamende lawela phansi, lakhosela ezihlalweni zalo.

Emizuzwini embalwa kamuva, idolobha laseValencia labona amathangi ezempi ezulazula emigwaqweni yalo ngemva komyalelo wokuvukela uKaputeni General Jaime Milan del Bosch., okuyinto, ehlanganiswe noTejero, yaqala ukuvukela kwezempi ilinde ezinye izifunda zezempi ukuthi zijoyine. Iqiniso wukuthi ngokusemthethweni akekho noyedwa owahlangana ndawonye, ​​nakuba abasuka eSeville, eValladolid, eZaragoza naseBalearic Islands bathathe isikhathi ukukhuluma belindele ukubona ukuthi izinto zizokwenzeka kanjani.

Ngo-19:45 p.m., iqembu lamasosha lagqekeza ekomkhulu lomsakazo nethelevishini laseSpain (i-tve ne-rne) ePrado del Rey futhi lakhipha umyalo wokuba kumiswe ukusakaza. futhi isakaze, okokuqala, imashi yezempi bese ishintshela emculweni wangemuva. Ithelevishini yomphakathi ayikwazanga ukusakaza izindaba ngalolo suku, futhi ayizange ibuyele ekusakazeni kwayo njalo kwaze kwaba phakathi kwamabili, lapho amasosha esethathe umhlalaphansi.

Ekuseni ngovivi, iNkosi uJuan Carlos I yakhuluma nesizwe igqoke umfaniswano weNhloko Yezempi ukuze idlulise umyalezo wokuthula futhi ichaze nokuthi ikhiphe imiyalo kojenene ukuba bahambisane nentando yeningi.. Emlayezweni wakhe wagxeka i-Coup d'état futhi weseka ukuqhubeka kwentando yeningi ephalamende kulokho okubhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yombuso wakhe, njengoba kochwepheshe abaningi ngaleso sikhathi wazihlanganisa "njengomqinisekisi woMthethosisekelo."

Ngakusasa ekuseni, iqembu lamaCivil Guards obesangaphakathi kuKhongolose kanye namasekela nezintatheli ebezicoca ngeseshini yomhlangano ntambama edlule, wanquma ukuzinikela ekuqinisekiseni ukunamathela kwezifunda nabaphathi bezempi enkosini, befulathela abahleli bombuso. Kwaphela kanjalo-ke amahora okushuba okukhulu eSpain kusukela ekupheleni kobushiqela.

Enye inguqulo

Kunamahlebezi okuthi indaba yokuthi iCoup d'état yakokotwa ayizange yenzeke njengoba sekuvele, hhayi ngenxa yezenzakalo, into engenakuphikwa (iCongress yahlaselwa, i-Valencia yavukela, i-RTVE yahlala, inkosi yakhipha umlayezo wokuzola futhi i-Coup yehluleka), kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukubandakanyeka kwama-ejenti amaningana abalulekile entando yeningi yethu kuwo, kanye nolwazi lwangaphambili abangaba nalo kanye namandla angaphandle.Ingabe kwakuyisenzo sikaTejero noma kwakukhona isivumelwano esingasho lutho phakathi kwabantu abambalwa abafanelekile embusweni wethu wentando yeningi mayelana noshintsho lombuso?

Ukungabaza kuphakanyiswa, ikakhulukazi, ngesibalo sikaGeneral Alfonso Armada (isosha elalihileleke ekuketulweni umbuso okwase kuyiminyaka lihlezi esigodlweni saseZarzuela futhi elinobudlelwane obuseduze noJuan Carlos I).

U-Armada nguyena wayezohola uhulumeni wezempi kanye naye enhloko 'ukubuyisela ukuhleleka' ezweni, ebelibhekene nesikhashana sokungaqiniseki kwezombusazwe ngenxa yokuhamba kuka-Adolfo Suárez kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kukaCalvo-Sotelo, obebonakala engaphumelelanga evotini lesibili futhi waholela iCongress esigabeni sokungabi nazinzo.

Kunamaqiniso amaningana adala ukuthi labo abaphethe enye inguqulo bacabange ukuthi indaba ibihlukile endleleni esitshelwe ngayo: ukubambezeleka kweNkosi uJuan Carlos ekuphumeni obala ezogxeka lezi zigameko, izingcingo phakathi kukaZarzuela nabaphathi bezempi, izitatimende zenhloko yeNdlu yasebukhosini ngaleso sikhathi (uSabino Fernández Campo) kanye ukwehluleka ukuhlukanisa amadokhumenti asemthethweni ahlobene nalolu daba.

Ukungabaza kwenkosi, ngokusho kukaSabino

I-digital El Cierre Digital, umqondisi wayo oyintatheli uJuan Luis Galiacho, ishicilele udaba ngo-Ephreli walo nyaka akhuluma ngayo Uhlelo lokusebenza lweGeneral Armada, uSabino ayeyoyibonisa ezinye izintatheli ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe.

USabino, owaxoshwa yinkosi ephuma esikhundleni ngo-1993, wanquma ukubhala incwadi enezikhumbuzo zakhe ezingakaze zishicilelwe lapho, Ngokusho kukaGaliacho nezinye izintatheli eziningi ezikwazi ukufinyelela kulo mbhalo, njengoPilar Urbano, ukhulume ngokuhlangana kwenkosi noGeneral. ukusungula uhulumeni wezempi.

Uhlelo lokusebenza luhlanganisa ukulandelana kwezikhathi okufanele kulandelwe phakathi kukaFebhuwari 23 no-24, ngaphandle kokuchitheka kwegazi, futhi wabala ukuphazamiseka kuCongress, ukuthutha kuka-Armada eZarzuela ukuze axhumanise ukuketula umbuso noJuan Carlos, ukuthathwa kwethelevishini yomphakathi, ukungena kwezifunda zempi, njll.

Lolu hlelo lokusebenza, ngokukaSabino ngokwakhe (owayeyinhloko YeNdlu Yasebukhosini ngaleso sikhathi), lwalethwa i-Armada kuJuan Carlos I ngo-February 13, 1981, ezinsukwini eziyishumi ngaphambi kokuketulwa umbuso., ecaleni laseZarzuela. Basho kwabezindaba ukuthi ecaleni le-23F kuzanywa ukuthi lo mhlangano ubonakale esidlangalaleni kodwa uZarzuela akazange ayinike imvume.

Ingabe uFelipe González wamukela uhulumeni wezempi?

Elinye iphuzu lale thiyori ehlukile liwukuthi ukwakhiwa 'kukahulumeni wokuhlushwa wesikhashana' ngokubamba iqhaza kwawo wonke amabutho ezombusazwe ukugwema ukuntengantenga kwephalamende okwase kuqhamuka ngemuva kokusula kukaSuárez ngenxa yokushoda kwesivumelwano sokutshala omunye umuntu ozongenela ukhetho.

Inhloko Yendlu Yasebukhosini yathi elinye lamaphuzu okusebenza kwe-23F ukuthi u-Armada ahole Ihhovisi Likamongameli Likahulumeni kanye noFelipe González njengephini likamongameli. kanye nabaholi bawo wonke amabutho njengengxenye esebenzayo yegatsha lezepolitiki lesigungu esiphezulu. UGaliacho uthi uTejero kanye ‘nabangani bakhe’ babengazi ukuthi iqembu lamaKhomanisi lalizoba yingxenye kaHulumeni futhi ngesikhathi leli qiniso selidluliselwa kubo, lapho iPhalamende selithathiwe, benqaba ukunikeza ithuba lomhlangano wokuhlangana ukuze kusungulwe leli qiniso. 'uhulumeni wokugxilisa ingqondo' .

Encwadini 'Ukuntuleka Okukhulu Kwenkumbulo' nguPilar Urbano, intatheli, okuhlanganisa izitatimende zabalingisi abaningi beDemocratic Transition (okubandakanya u-Adolfo Suárez), wathi uFelipe González uvumile ukubamba iqhaza “ekuketulweni kwamasosha” ngenxa “yokuhahela amandla” ukufinyelela kuHulumeni., into eyenzeka ngentando yeningi esikhathini esingangonyaka kamuva. Lokhu kwabikwa yiphephandaba i-Público ngo-2014., ekwethulweni kwencwadi.

Ulwazi lwamazwe angaphandle

Elinye iphuzu eliphakamisa ukungabaza mayelana nenguqulo esemthethweni 'yokungazi ukuthi kwakwenzekani eSpain' yilelo Ngokolwazi olwehlisiwe oluvela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezifana ne-CIA e-United States, amazwe angaphandle azi kusengaphambili mayelana nezinhlelo zamasosha. ukwenza i-coup d'état.

Idayari I-El Español ishicilele indatshana ngo-2017 eyayihlanganisa ezinye izingcezu ze Imibhalo ye-CIA ekhuluma ngokungazinzi kwezepolitiki eSpain nalapho kubhekiselwa khona esigamekweni esithi "ikhashelwe inkosi ebuthweni", ngokwamazwi oJenene Bezempi ngaleso sikhathi ababehola inhlangano yokuvukela umbuso.

"Izikhulu ze-Ultraconservative zikholelwa ukuthi inkosi ithengise i-Army. Lowo muzwa uhlanganyela phakathi kwamaphoyisa namasosha ahlukene, futhi izikhulu zawo eziningi kungenzeka zihlukanise ukwethembeka. […] Ukuziphatha kombutho wezokuvikela, okunyakaziswa ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kanye nehlazo lakamuva mayelana nezinsolo zokusetshenziswa kokuhlukumeza, kanye nokuntula ukusekelwa nguHulumeni, kubenza besabe ukuthi bazojeziswa bonke ukuvukelwa konogada bomphakathi abangaba ngu-200

Ema 'cable' abakhuluma ngawo Yeka ukuthi umzamo wokuketula umbuso usondele kangakanani ekufezeni umgomo wawo.

Okugqama kakhulu ngolwazi lwezobunhloli baseNyakatho Melika ukuthi lukhuluma ngalo UTejero kanye nenkampani babenokusekela okukhulu kunalokho okwavezwa kamuva.

"Ukusebenzisana kwezempi nabahleli bombuso kwakusakazeke kakhulu kunalokho obekungase kubonakale"

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibhalo yaseNyakatho Melika ibhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi Isinqumo sikaJuan Carlos ekuseni ngoFebhuwari 23 sokwenqaba ngokuqinile ukuketulwa kwamasosha kuthelevishini, kwakusho ukuthi amasosha amaningi acatshangelwa 'ngokukhashelwa' kwenkosi.

Ezinye izikhungo zezobunhloli, njengamaNgisi, nazo zazinolwazi mayelana nezinsuku/amasonto okuzama ukuvukela umbuso ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke, into abaningi abayizungezayo ngemihlangano okusolakala ukuthi e-Zarzuela phakathi kuka-Armada noJuan Carlos.

Iqiniso likumadokhumenti ahlukanisiwe

Iqiniso yilokho Inguqulo eyodwa noma enye ingaqinisekiswa noma inqatshwe kuphela lapho amadokhumenti ahlukanisiwe ahlobene ne-23F enziwa umphakathi., amaphepha asemthethweni angakaze abone ukukhanya kwelanga kusukela ngaleso sikhathi nokuthi amaqembu afana ne-PNV athathele iCongress izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ukuze avule inkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwabo.

Kulesi sishayamthetho Izinqubo seziqalisiwe zokusungula umthetho wokuchithwa kwezimfihlo zomphakathi okuthi, uma kuphumelele, kungasho ukuthi lolu hlobo “lwamaphepha” lungafihlwa kuphela phakathi kweminyaka engama-25 nengama-35, kuye ngohlobo lokuqukethwe, futhi lungahlukaniswa kuphela ngesicelo sikaHulumeni.

Mayelana ne-23-F, Okwamanje la madokhumenti ahlala engobo yomlando ngemuva kwevoti ku-lku-Congressional Board ye-PP, PSOE kanye ne-Vox formations ukuze baqhubeke kanje, okungenani kuze kube ngu-2023. Lokhu kumelela ukunwetshwa kwezimfihlo ezisemthethweni.

Nakuba okuqukethwe kwayo kungenziwa esidlangalaleni, Kuzoholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinkulungwane zemibono mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani ngempela ngalezo zinsuku, ukuhileleka kwangempela kwenkosi yangaphambili, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amasosha azenzela noma kwaba nokuvumelana okuvamile esigabeni sezombangazwe ukuze kwakheke “uguquko lwesibili.” Futhi yonke into izongabaza, ngisho kungani amanye amasekela asala emi ezihlalweni zawo kuyilapho amanye ecashe ngaphansi kwezihlalo zawo, isibindi noma ulwazi lwalokho okwakwenzeka?

Eminyakeni embalwa kuphela sizokwazi amaqiniso namanga alesi siqephu esimnyama emlandweni waseSpain.

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