23F kwa iwo amene sakumbukira

Lero, February 23, 2021, pali pafupifupi anthu aku Spain ambiri omwe anabadwa pa tsiku la kulanda boma pa February 23, 1981 monga aku Spain omwe sanali. Ngati tiwonjezera kwa anthu oposa mamiliyoni makumi awiri omwe anali aang'ono kwambiri kuti alibe zokumbukira, ndi omwe ali okalamba kwambiri kuti aiwala kale chirichonse, ndizotsimikizika kuti, lero, Anthu ambiri a ku Spain sadziwa akhala ndi moyo Kugunda. Kwa iwo, kuti tiwapatse lingaliro, timasiya zithunzi zochepa ndi ndemanga yachidule.

1. Chilengedwe

Wolamulira wankhanza Franco anali atamwalira zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zokha zapitazo, koma m’maganizo mwa aliyense anali adakali moyo. Sosaiti inali mu chipwirikiti, mkati mwa a mavuto azachuma kwambiri (vuto la mafuta) lomwe linasiya chipwirikiti cha chipwirikiti cha anthu, ndi kusintha kwa ndale komwe kunali kwaposachedwa kwambiri, komwe sikunaphatikizidwe mokwanira kuti aliyense aiwale zakale za dziko logawanika kukhala mbali ziwiri. Munthawi imeneyo, ETA inapha tsiku lina inde, lina ayi, ndipo lachitatu kachiwiri, mu mtundu wa chikhalidwe cha tsiku ndi tsiku chomwe tsopano, ndikupita kwa zaka, ndizovuta kufotokoza. Iwo omwe adamvabe opambana a Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, amene chiŵerengero chawo chinali m’mamiliyoni, anakwiyira kwambiri boma wapakati wa Adolfo Suárez, amene ankamuona kuti ndi wofooka komanso wodzipereka kwa mdani. Iwo anafuna “dzanja lamphamvu.”

2. “Wokwezeka”

Olowa nyumba apamwamba kwambiri a malingaliro a Francoist amakhulupirira kuti kufooka kwakukulu kwa boma kuyenera kuthetsedwa ndikuthetsa (Purezidenti Suárez, yemwe adatsogolera dzikolo m'zaka zakusintha kwa demokalase, adasiya ntchito, adagonjera. kupsinjika kwakukulu, ndipo gawo lazachuma la wolowa m'malo wopanda chikoka kapena utsogoleri udachitika mu Congress). Lieutenant Colonel Tejero, Francoist wamba, anali mtsogoleri wachiwiri, koma wofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha ndewu zake zandale. Iye anali chiwongola dzanja changwiro kutenga chiopsezo mwakuthupi kuchita kulanda. Mosasunthika, ndi chikhulupiriro champhamvu komanso mosakayikira, adalowa m'Nyumba ya Malamulo atatsimikiza kuti kunali kofunikira "bwezeretsani dongosolo" ndi kuti ndi dzanja lamphamvu lokha lankhondo lomwe lingalepheretse tsokalo lomwe adakhulupirira kuti dzikolo lili m'matope.

3. Wachiwembu

General Gutiérrez Mellado anali, wa okonza chiwembu, wachinyengo. Msilikali wantchito, adamenya nawo nkhondo mkati mwa gulu la Francoist, koma pambuyo pake, nduna kuyambira 1976 ndi Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa boma ndi Suárez, sanamukhululukire konse chifukwa chosintha yunifolomu ndi suti ndikukonzanso gulu lankhondo. Adagwedezeka ndi achiwembu a Congress, pomwe Suárez adabwera kudzamuteteza, pakati paphokoso lamfuti. Zithunzizo zimadabwitsabe aliyense amene amazikumbukira. Sizinali nthabwala. Panali zipolopolo zenizeni.

4. Wogwiritsa ntchito mwayi

General Armada Iye ndi msilikali wamkulu wachitatu m'nkhaniyi. Ili mu dome ya gulu lankhondo, bwenzi lapamtima la King Juan Carlos, iye ankakhulupirira kuti zinthu sizikuyenda bwino, ndipo iyeyo payekha, akanapereka yankho. M’maganizo mwake chiwembucho chikanatha ndi iye mwini kukhala pulezidenti wa boma. Purezidenti amene “adzawongolera” mkhalidwewo, ndi nduna yomwe angaphatikizepo nduna za asilikali ndi za boma, kuphatikizapo socialists, ndipo izo "zidzateteza" gulu lolakwika la ndale kuti libwerere ku dongosolo lomwe likufunidwa ... Iye anali wotsimikiza kuti adzakhala ndi mfumu kumbali yake, ndipo kuti kulanda boma kutha ndi uthenga wochokera kwa Juan Carlos wolimbikitsa kuti asankhidwa kukhala purezidenti wa boma.

5. Matanki

Koma si Tejero yekha amene anakwezedwa. Tejero atangolowa ku Congress, Captain General wa Valencia, Bosch Milans, adatenga akasinja kupita mumsewu ndipo adalamula kuti pakhale zadzidzidzi mdera lake lankhondo. Nkhani za zomwe adachita, pakati pa ena, zomwe zimafalitsidwa kwambiri pawailesi, zinali, mwina, zotsutsana ndi zomwe Milans del Bosch adafuna: m'malo mochitapo kanthu, zomwe adachita zidavumbulutsa zomwe zagawika komanso Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ya 1936. Atsogoleri ena ankhondo ochepa sumarpa: onse anali chete, kuyembekezera malamulo a Captain General wa asilikali.

6. Captain General

Armada sanathe kulankhula ndi mfumuyo usiku watha wa February 23, makamaka kumuona pamasom’pamaso, monganso cholinga chake. Pakadali pano, zonse zidayimitsidwa kudikirira uthengawo wa amene unyinji wa akuluakulu ankhondo apamwamba akanamvera: mfumu. Kulowetsedwa kwa kanema wawayilesi kudachedwa, Congress idabedwa ndipo palibe amene adagona, ndipo wailesi idakhala mnzake wosasiyanitsidwa. Kodi chinachitika ndi chiyani komanso zomwe zidaganiziridwa m'makonde a Zarzuela pakati pa hafu pasiti 6 koloko masana pomwe Tejero adalowa ku Congress ndi m'mawa m'mawa, pomwe mfumu idawonekera pawailesi yakanema?

Zikhale momwemo, pamene makamera a wailesi yakanema anajambula uthengawo kuti uulutsidwe posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, Juan Carlos Woyamba anakamba nkhani yaifupi imene “analamula” akuluakulu aboma ndi a Junta of Chiefs of Staff. kuti azichita “njira zonse zofunika kuti akhazikitse bata malinga ndi malamulo apano."

Congress ikadakhala yotanganidwa kwa maola angapo, koma uthengawo udalemba, de facto, kutha kwa gawo lachiwembu.

7. Kuthamangitsidwa

M’maŵa mwake a Congress anasamutsidwa, nduna zinatulutsidwa, ndipo Adolfo Suárez anachoka ku Congress, akadali pulezidenti wa boma. Kuukira boma kunali kulephera.

8. Gulu

Kuyambira pamenepo zonse zikhala zosiyana. Mazana a ziwonetsero ku Spain konse Iwo adafotokoza momveka bwino zofuna za nzika komanso kudzipereka ku demokalase. Okonza zigawenga ndi a nostalgic, mpaka nthawi imeneyo ochuluka kwambiri, adakhala otsalira, ndipo "kugwedeza kwamphamvu" (mphekesera za nkhondo zankhondo), kawirikawiri panthawi yonseyi, zinatha posachedwa. PSOE idapambana zisankho za 1982, kenako nkhani ina ndi mavuto ena anayamba. Mbiri ndi mavuto omwe ife tiri olowa nyumba tsopano.