Zaka 75 za Marshall Plan: idasintha Europe ndikutanthauziranso ndale zapadziko lonse lapansi

M’dziko limene nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse inasiya ku Ulaya, nduna ya boma ya United States inali itawonongedwa George Marshall adapereka lingaliro lolimba mtima lomwe lingasinthe mbiri yakale: ndondomeko yothandizira zachuma yomanganso kontinenti ya ku Ulaya. Marshall Plan, yomwe idatchulidwa polemekeza amene adayipanga, ikukwanitsa zaka 75 lero.

Pa April 3, 1948, pulezidenti wa United States, Harry Truman, anasaina pangano la Marshall Plan, lomwe linapereka thandizo la zachuma ku mayiko a Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya amene anakhudzidwa ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II. The kanthu, amene inatha zaka zinayi, inapereka ndalama zoposa $13.000 biliyoni zothandizira mayiko 16 a ku Ulaya.

Marshall Plan sanali kungosonyeza kuwolowa manja kwa United States, komanso Inali njira yandale yosunga chikoka cha United States ku Europe ndikuthana ndi chikoka cha Soviet m'chigawo. Mayiko amene anapindula ndi Marshall Plan anayenera kugwirizana kuti alandire thandizo, zomwe zinalimbikitsa mgwirizano wa zachuma ndi ndale ku Western Europe. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, Marshall Plan inathandiza kugwirizanitsa njira zachuma za ku America motsutsana ndi Soviet Union, zomwe zinathandiza kuthetsa kufalikira kwa chikomyunizimu ku Ulaya.

Zotsatira za Marshall Plan zinali zazikulu komanso zokhalitsa. Mayiko opindula adawona kuwonjezeka kwa kupanga ndi zokolola, ndi Chuma cha ku Ulaya chinabwereranso mwamsanga kunkhondo. Marshall Plan inathandizanso kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wa zachuma ku Ulaya, n’kukhazikitsa maziko a kukhazikitsidwa kwa European Union m’zaka za m’ma 1950. Komanso, inakhala chizindikiro cha mgwirizano wodutsa nyanja ya Atlantic, ndipo inakhazikitsa maziko a mgwirizano wapakati pa United States. ndi Europe.

The isanayambe ndi itatha ntchito yake

Pamaso pa Marshall Plan, Europe Anali m’kati mwa chiwonongeko ndi umphaŵi chifukwa cha Nkhondo Yadziko II. Chuma cha ku Europe chidakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhondoyi, ndikusiya chiwerengero cha anthu opanda chuma komanso m'mikhalidwe yowopsa. Kuphatikiza apo, chikoka cha Soviet chinali kufalikira m'derali, zomwe zidawopseza kusokoneza kwambiri ndale.

Komabe, pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwake, ku Ulaya kunabwereranso mofulumira pachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mayiko a ku Ulaya amene anapindula ndi chithandizo anatha kumanganso chuma chawo ndi kuwongolera moyo wa nzika zawo. Kuphatikiza kwachuma komwe kumalimbikitsidwa ndi Marshall Plan nawonso zathandiza kulimbikitsa bata la ndale m’derali. M'malo mokhala malo a mikangano, Europe idakhala chitsanzo cha mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko, ndikuyika maziko a mgwirizano wapakati pakati pa mayiko aku Europe.

Marshall Plan inakhudzanso kwambiri ndale zapadziko lonse. Anathandizira kulimbitsa udindo wa United States ngati mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi kuthana ndi mphamvu za Soviet ku Europe. Kuphatikiza apo, idayala maziko a mfundo zothandizira ku America zakunja m'tsogolomu, zomwe zakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazandale zaku United States kuyambira pamenepo.

Udindo wa USSR

Soviet Union poyamba inatsutsa Marshall Plan, kuitcha kuyesa kwa United States kukakamiza njira zake zachuma ndi ndale ku Europe. USSR idakhudzidwanso ndi kuchuluka kwa chikoka cha United States ku Europe, chomwe chidawopseza kusokoneza dera ndikuchotsa Soviet Union ngati mphamvu yayikulu.

Poyankha Marshall Plan, Soviet Union inakhazikitsa COMECON, gulu lazachuma limene linaphatikizapo maiko a sosholisti a Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu. COMECON ikufuna kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wachuma pakati pa mayiko a sosholisti ndikuthana ndi chikoka cha Marshall Plan ku Europe. Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za kuyesetsa kwa Soviet Union, Marshall Plan inayenda bwino ndipo inathandiza kuti chuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Western Europe chikhale bwino.

Maboma a mayiko

M’zaka zimene Marshall Plan inkachitika, Boma la United States linkatsogoleredwa ndi Pulezidenti Harry S. Truman, amene anatenga udindo pambuyo pa imfa ya Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt mu 1945, analonjeza kupitiriza ndondomeko yothandizira ku Ulaya. anayamba ndi mlembi wake.

Ulamuliro wa Truman udakumana ndi zovuta zazikulu zandale zakunja, kuphatikiza kuyambika kwa Cold War ndi Soviet Union komanso kulimbana ndi chikomyunizimu padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, a Truman Administration adakhazikitsanso zofunikira zamkati, monga kuvomereza National Social Security Plan. Anatsogoleranso khama lopanga bungwe la United Nations ndikuwongolera kupambana kwa Allies mu Nkhondo Yadziko II.

M’maiko ena, atsogoleri osiyanasiyana anali kuyang’anira, kuphatikizapo wolamulira wankhanza wa apo ndi apo, monga momwe zasonyezedwera patebulo ili:

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