Pitani kumbali, Montenegro! (Nkhani yaying'ono ya NATO)

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) idabadwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ngati Chitetezo cha mayiko aku Western motsutsana ndi mphamvu ya Soviet Union. Momwemonso, a Russia adayika maiko awo a satelayiti kukhala mgwirizano wina wofanana wankhondo: Pangano la Warsaw. Inali yotchedwa "Cold War".

Pambuyo pa kutha kwa Soviet bloc kumayambiriro kwa chaka m'ma 90, NATO idasiyidwa yokha ngati gulu lankhondo lamayiko otukuka, ndipo kufalikira kumayiko aku Eastern Europe (kupatula Russia).

NATO pakadali pano ili ndi mayiko 28, ndipo ena angapo ndi omwe akufuna kulowa nawo bungweli. Nthawi zambiri, m'mayiko onse omwe ali m'bungwe ili ndi malingaliro abwino. Pali chikhulupiliro chonse kuti NATO ndi ambulera yomwe imateteza aliyense ku nkhanza zomwe zingatheke. Tiyeni tione zitsanzo:

Ndizodabwitsa kuti Spain ndi dziko lokhalo lomwe malingaliro a anthu amagawanika. Chifukwa? Mwina graph ina iyi ifotokoza pang'ono:

Ku Europe konse, anthu osamala amathandizira kwambiri NATO kuposa kumanzere. Koma Ku Spain kusiyana pakati kumanja ndi kumanzere ndi kwakukulu kwambiri, Kuonjezera apo, dziko lonselo likutsamira maudindo osiyana.

Panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Franco, dziko la Spain linaletsedwa kulowa nawo bungweli (ndi ena ambiri), chifukwa chokana ulamuliro wapadziko lonse. Ndichifukwa chake, Nkhani ya NATO idadzutsidwa ku Spain mochedwa kwambiri, pamene izo zinali kale kuposa momwe amaganizira m'mayiko ena a Kumadzulo. Nthawi itakwana, pakati pa 1977 ndi 1981. kulowa kwathu kotheka kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kumanzere kuukira maboma a UCD, omwe adawonetsa (mwamanyazi, ngati ndi manyazi) chikhumbo chawo chofuna kuphatikizira Spain mu kalabu.

Kumanzere kokha kumalankhula za "NATO", nthawi zonse molakwika. Ufulu unali kukomera, koma pang'ono. cPodziwa kuti anthuwo ataya mtima pa nkhani ya maganizo a anthu, sanalimba mtima kuti alowe m'malo mwawo. Pokhapokha pamene kuyesa kulanda boma kwa 23-F (1981) kunachitika, Purezidenti Calvo Sotelo adatengapo gawo, kutengerapo mwayi pa mantha omwe abweranso ankhondo kutikakamiza kulowa mgulu lomwe lingalole "demokalase" ya gulu lankhondo. , kugawana zowongolera, malingaliro ndi njira zogwirira ntchito ndi "abwenzi" ochokera kumagulu ena ankhondo aku Europe. Pomaliza, Spain inagwirizana nawo mu December 1981.

Koma malingaliro a anthu (otsalira osatsutsika, ndi ufulu wina chifukwa cha mkwiyo pazaka za kudzipatula mokakamizidwa) adapitilirabe makamaka kutitsutsa umembala wathu mu kalabu yankhondoyo. Chipani cha Socialist chinapezerapo mwayi pazimenezi, ndi mtsogoleri wawo, Felipe González, adalonjeza mu pulogalamu yake ya zisankho za 1982 kuti kuchitike referendum "yotuluka" a bungwe.

Zisankho za 1982 zitapambana, referendum idachitika idachedwetsedwa. Boma la PSOE lidazindikira zaubwino womwe umembala udafunikira, ndipo mawu akale akuti "NATO, ayi poyambira," idakhala yochulukirapo, mpaka idatsogolera, malinga ndi malirime oyipa, kwa wina: "NATO, poyambirira, ngakhale. "".

Vuto linali loti panali kudzipereka kolimba kuti aitanitse referendum, ndipo mawu operekedwa amayenera kusungidwa. Kudziperekako kudakwaniritsidwa, pafupifupi kumapeto kwa nyumba yamalamulo, ndi a pulezidenti wa boma anagubuduza, pafupifupi yekha, mu kampeni m'malo mwa "inde". Ufulu wa Popular Alliance anasankha, mu mawonekedwe zachilendo, chifukwa kudziletsa.

Zithunzi za PSOE. 1981 ndi 1985.

Izi zidapangitsa kuti nkhani yotsutsana ndi anthu ikhale a kutsutsana ndi munthu wa pulezidenti wa boma.

Kusunthaku kudakhala kopambana: olungama Otsutsa ambiri adamvera lamulo loti asapite kukavota, koma ena ambiri adapita, kuti ateteze zomwe amawona kuti ndi zabwino kwambiri, ndipo Iwo anavota pafupifupi mogwirizana mokomera zachikhalire. Otsalira, kumbali yawo, adagawanika pakati pa omwe adamvera zomwe amakhulupirira ndikuvotera "ayi", ndi omwe Iwo anameza ndi kuganiza kuti asasiye mtsogoleri yekha zomwe zinali zosatsutsika.

González adatha kupeza inde ku "Mgwirizano" (ndi ma nuances, osungika, osaphatikizidwa mu "gulu lankhondo") adzapambana ku “ayi” ndi kusiyana kwa mfundo khumi ndi zitatu.

Anthu anapitirizabe kutsutsana ndi NATO, koma umunthu wa mtsogoleriyo unapambana. Timapitiriza mkati.

Pambuyo pake, kutha kwa blocs za Cold War (1945-1991) kwatanthauza kuti anthu a ku Spain, pang’ono ndi pang’ono, akhala akunyalanyaza nkhaniyi, ndipo kukanidwa kwa gulu lankhondo limeneli kwasintha. Komabe, ife mwina ndife okaikira kwambiri dziko membala za izo. Iye amene anali, anasunga. Kuti Poland ndi dziko lovomerezeka la NATO, mwachitsanzo, likufotokozedwanso ndi mbiri yake. Pachifukwa ichi, akufotokozedwa ndi zaka makumi atatu zapitazi, momwe, potengera zakale zake, anti-communism-anti-Russianism yakhala ikulamulira.

Ndipo tsopano chikuchitika ndi NATO?

Zimachitika kuti tsidya lina la nyanja ya Atlantic. mthandizi wamkulu (United States) ikuyambitsa mavuto. Mavuto aakulu. Tiyeni tiwone chithunzi pamwambapa, chomwe chili ndi mipiringidzo: kumeneko, ku America, Ndiomwe amatsutsana kwambiri ndi NATO, pamene "kumanzere" ndi pro-Atlantic kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zitheka bwanji? Za ichi:

Chitsime: Bloomberg kudzera @politibot

Ogwirizana a ku Ulaya (makamaka akumadzulo kwambiri, omwe ali ndi malire ochepa ndi Russia, omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri odana ndi asilikali) Tagwiritsa ntchito gulu ngati “chowiringula” chowonongera ndalama zokwanira pa nkhani zankhondo. Nthawi zina, monga Spain, deta imakhala yowonekeratu. ena mu United States yakhala ikudandaula kwa nthawi ndithu kuti ndi udindo wawo kuteteza West pafupifupi okha. (kupatulapo "mnzake waku Britain"). Mosakayikira akukokomeza, koma pali chowonadi m’madandaulo awo. Purezidenti Trump akufuula kumwamba, kusonyeza mkhalidwe wake wa tambala, popanda kulingalira kuti, popanda ndalama, pali zifukwa zina zomwe zingakhale zomveka kupempha dziko lake kuyesetsa kwakukulu kuposa ena.

Ndicho chifukwa chake, pamsonkhano wa dzulo wa NATO, zomwe zinachitika, ndipo ena amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi ufulu wokhala kutsogolo.

Chifukwa chake mawonekedwe ena a Trump akhoza kukhala ndi kufotokozera. Chinthu china ndi chakuti iwo ali ndi kulungamitsidwa.