USA: ukapolo Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe isanachitike, kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Africa America ndi zotsatira zake pama primaries a Democratic.

United States, ukapolo wa antebellum, kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Africa America, ndi zotsatira zake pama primaries a 2016 Democratic.

Ndi PetitCitoyen

M'nkhani yapitayi ndidasanthula za kusiyana komwe ovota a Democratic ku US adakhala nawo m'ma primaries mpaka pomwe chisankho ku New York chisanachitike, Clinton adapeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri m'maiko omwe kale anali Confederate pomwe Sanders adapambana m'malo ena onse (malinga ndi pafupifupi), kupambana kwa Clinton kumpoto kukhala kochepa kwambiri kuposa kumwera.

M'nkhani imeneyo sindinawerenge zomwe zimayambitsa kusiyana kumeneku mu voti, monga momwe ambiri a inu munanenera, ndi chifukwa cha thandizo lalikulu la Clinton pakati pa anthu ochepa, makamaka African-Americans, ndipo ndicho chinthu cha kusanthula kwa nkhaniyi. Kuti ndichite izi, ndikubwereranso kumayambiriro kwa Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe (1861-1865), kuti muwone, mwachidule, mbiri yaposachedwa ya mtundu womwewo.

Ndiyamba ndikulankhula za ukapolo, popeza ubale umene ulipo pakati pa anthu akuda omwe alipo panopa ku United States ndi chiyambi chake cha akapolo akuwonekera. Ukapolo unathetsedwa ku US kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni, chifukwa chake ndipereka zidziwitso kuchokera pamawerengero awiri ankhondo isanachitike (1850 ndi 1860) komanso kusinthika kwaukapolo pakati pawo.

Ena deta m'mbuyomu, zotsutsana pakati kumpoto ndi kum'mwera anali palpable pafupifupi kuyambira ogwira ufulu wa United States pambuyo kusaina Pangano la Paris mu 1783. M'nthawi nkhondo isanayambe, mayiko a kumpoto anali 19 miliyoni okhalamo, dongosolo la ndale linkakonda kwambiri demokalase, chuma chake chinali chokhazikika pamakampani ndipo kuchuluka kwa akapolo kunalibe kapena kutsalira, pomwe kum'mwera kunali anthu pafupifupi 12 miliyoni, miyambo yake yandale inali yamtundu wa anthu apamwamba, chuma chake chidakhazikika paminda yachikapitalist. ulimi wothandizidwa ndi ntchito ya akapolo, kotero kuti chiwerengero cha akapolo kumwera chinali chofunika kwambiri. (Atlasi Yambiri, 102-103).

1)      Ukapolo Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni Isanayambe (1861-1865).

Ponena za kalembera wa 1850, imabweretsanso deta iyi:

-Confederate States*:

-Amati omwe adasunga ukapolo koma adakhalabe okhulupirika ku Union*:

Kusiyana kwakukulu kutha kuwonedwa, pafupifupi m'maiko a Confederate ndi pafupifupi 40%, mu Unionists amangofika 13%, kupitilira apo, pomwe ukapolo umapezeka m'maiko onse a Confederacy, m'magawo ochepa kwambiri. Union bwerezani izi.

Zomwe zaperekedwa ndi kalembera wa 1860 ndi:

-Confederate States*:

-Slave akuti okhulupirika ku Union*:

Avereji imakhalabe yofanana mu Confederate States, koma ndi kuwonjezeka pang'ono (+ 0,51%) zomwe zikuchitikazo zasinthidwa m'mayiko a Union (-1,16%).

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti, kutengera kuchuluka kwa akapolo ndi boma pokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, akuti chiwerengero chidzachepa pafupifupi m'maboma onse kupatula Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee ndi Texas, koma izi ndi chifukwa cha kusintha chiwerengero cha anthu mwaufulu kusiyana ndi kuchepa kwenikweni kwa akapolo. Kunena zowona, akapolo kuwonjezeka m'mayiko ONSE, kumlingo wokulirapo kapena wocheperako, kupatula m'magawo awiri a Union (Maryland ndi Delaware), ndi nkhani yodziwikiratu ya New Jersey momwe chiwerengero cha akapolo chimasowa kuchokera ku kalembera wina kupita kwina.

Kuti muwone chisinthiko mwatsatanetsatane ndikuwonetsa deta iyi:

-Chigwirizano:

Gwero: “A Century of Population Growth, XIV. Ziwerengero za Akapolo” (Table 61, tsamba 134).

-Mgwirizano:

Gwero: “A Century of Population Growth, XIV. Ziwerengero za Akapolo” (Table 61, tsamba 134).

Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kumawonekeranso m'mayiko a Confederate; mwa omwe adakhalabe okhulupirika ku Mgwirizano kuwonjezeka kumakhala kochepa kapena kuchepa, monga ku Delaware kapena Maryland, mwinamwake ku Missouri ndi komweko.

Zina zosangalatsa:

Mu 1850 chiwerengero cha anthu a ku United States chinali chiwerengero cha anthu oposa 23 miliyoni, 3.2 mwa iwo anali akapolo, mu 1860 chiwerengero cha anthu chinakwera kufika pa 31,1 miliyoni (+ 35%) pamene chiwerengero cha akapolo chinawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi theka la magawo atatu. kufika pa akapolo pafupifupi 4 miliyoni (3.949.557), zomwe zikuimira kuwonjezeka kwa 23,4%. Choncho, ponena za kukula kwa chiwerengero, chiwerengero cha akapolo ndi chochepa, izi zikufotokozera kuti mu 1850 chiwerengero cha akapolo pa chiwerengero cha anthu onse (a dziko lonse) chinali 13,87% pamene mu 1860 chiwerengerochi chikutsika kufika pa 12,68% (- 1,19%), ngakhale kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha akapolo pafupifupi 750.000 anthu, chiwerengero chawo chichepa. (Kuwerengera kwa 1850 ndi 1860).

Ndikuwonetsa izi chifukwa, kwakanthawi, gawo la mbiri yakale yaku America lidayesa kunena kuti ukapolo unali chinthu chakuchepa chomwe chikanatha pachokha, ndipo adawona mu Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni chiwawa chochokera kumpoto chakumwera, ena adatsutsa. kuti Ukapolo unali chochitika champhamvu chimene sichikanatha ndipo kuloŵererapo pa ndale kunafunikira kuti kuthe. Kutengera zomwe ndapereka Maganizo anu ndi otani?

2)      Chiwerengero cha anthu aku America:

Zikuwonekeratu kuti pali mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko omwe zochitika za ukapolo zinali zazikulu kwambiri, komanso chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Africa-America, ngakhale kuti anthu osamukira kumayiko ena amasamuka, kugwirizana kumeneku kunkayamikiridwabe kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 21.

M'mayiko onse omwe anali ogwirizana, chiwerengero cha anthu akuda chimaposa 10%, mwa ena mwa iwo chiwerengerochi chimaposa 20% monga Louisiana, Mississippi, Carolinas, Alabama ndi Georgia. M'madera ena omwe sanali a Confederacy, anthu akuda adangopitirira 10% ku New York, Michigan, New Jersey, ndi Illinois, zotsatira za kusamuka. Ku Missouri imadutsanso 10% ndipo ku Maryland imaposa 20% (maiko onse awiri ogwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika zaukapolo), womalizayo ndi dziko lokhalo kunja kwa malire a Confederacy lomwe linaposa chiwerengerochi m'zaka zoyambirira za zaka za zana la 103. (Historical Atlas, p. XNUMX, mapa “The Black Population”).

3)      Ma primaries a demokalase.

Pa Epulo 26 pali ma primaries a Democratic ku Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania ndi Rhode Island. Kodi pali kulumikizana kotani pakati pa zonse zomwe zakambidwa mpaka pano ndi ma primaries a demokalase? Monga ndinanena poyamba, anthu akuda.

Ochepa akuwoneka kuti asankha Clinton, sindidzapita ku ma primaries onse mpaka pano, mwachitsanzo, zisankho zaposachedwa ku New York, zomwe zidachitika pa Epulo 19, m'boma lino Clinton adapeza 58% ndipo Sanders adapeza 42%. 63,4%, koma ku New York City komweko magawowo ndi osiyana, 36,6% kwa woyamba ndi XNUMX% kwa wachiwiri.

Ngati tiphwanya zomwe zaperekedwa ndi The New York Times, ndi ochepa tikuwona zotsatirazi:

-M'maboma omwe azungu amaposa 50%, Sanders amapeza pafupifupi 40% ya mavoti (39.2).

-M'mene anthu aku Spain amapitilira 50%, Sanders amapeza 35,1%

-Mwa anthu ochepa aku Asia, 42.2%

-Mwa anthu ochepa akuda, 30,3%

M'mawu ambiri tikuwona vuto lalikulu lomwe Sanders ali nalo, azungu ndi ochepa aku Asia akuwongolera avareji, anthu aku Puerto Rico amayenda mochulukirapo kapena mochepera mozungulira pafupifupi koma kukulitsa zotsatira zake pang'ono, kusokoneza kumabwera ndi anthu akuda, momwe amaipitsira. 6,5% poyerekeza ndi avareji yapadziko lonse lapansi.

Zikuwonekeratu kuti detayi ikuchokera m'maboma omwe ali ndi anthu oposa 50% a maguluwa, choncho si anthu onse omwe adavotera m'chigawo chokhala ndi anthu oposa 50% aku Asia, koma amathandizira kupeza lingaliro . Deta ikugwirizananso ndi zotsatira mpaka pano m'ma primaries ena, kumene kuli anthu ambiri akuda, Clinton akusesa.

Kodi tinganene chiyani pa ma primaries pa Epulo 26?

Delaware anali dziko la akapolo koma ndi ochepa kwambiri a akapolo, anthu akuda alibe kulemera kochuluka monga kumwera ndipo palibe kafukufuku wambiri (kapena wina aliyense) kotero sindidzadzisangalatsa ndekha.

Maryland anali ndi kulemera ndi zofunika kwambiri mu chodabwitsa cha ukapolo, ngakhale osati mochuluka monga anansi ake kum'mwera, pafupifupi kafukufuku analemba pa Real Chotsani Politics tsamba analosera chigonjetso kwa Clinton ndi 24 mfundo, amene adzakhala chigonjetso chachikulu. Hillary m'chigawo chakunja kwa malire a Confederate. Koma n'zotheka? Ponyalanyaza zolakwika zomwe kafukufuku amakhala nazo nthawi zina, tiyeni tiwone mapu otsatirawa, omwe amawonetsa makolo odziwika kwambiri ndi zigawo:

Gwero: Wikipedia.

Zimadziwika kuti madera ambiri komwe makolo aku Africa-America amakhala kumwera; ku Maryland kulinso, koma pang'ono. Tikayang'ana mapu pamlingo wa boma, Maryland ikuwoneka pakati pa zigawo zomwe anthu ambiri ndi ochokera ku Africa America. Ngati tiphatikiza izi ndi chidziwitso chosonyeza chifundo chachikulu cha anthu akuda kwa Clinton, titha kuzindikira kuti mwayi womwe amamupatsa Hillary wa mfundo 20-25 pa mpikisano wake ndi wotheka, koma ungakhale kutali ndi maubwino amenewo a 40. -50 mfundo zomwe zapezedwa m'maiko akumwera, komwe kuli madera ambiri amtundu waku Africa America.

Nkhani ya New England.

Mayiko a New England ndi: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Massachusetts ndi Rhode Island.

Ndi mayiko omwe adadziwika kuti ndi "opita patsogolo", pakhala kale zisankho mu 4 mwa iwo, ndipo akuwoneka kuti ali ndi chiyembekezo chochuluka kwa yemwe amadzitcha yekha woyimira socialist, Sanders:

Gwero: The New York Times.

Mwa onsewa, Sanders wapambana ndi mwayi waukulu, kupatula Massachusetts, komwe Clinton adapambana ndi mphindi imodzi ndi theka.

Lachiwiri lino pa 26 pali zisankho m'maboma awiri otsala a New England, m'magawo onse awiri zikuwoneka kuti Clinton ndiye akutsogolera pazisankho koma ndi malire ochepa. Ku Rhode Island pafupifupi amamupatsa chitsogozo cha 2.5%, koma zolosera zaposachedwa ndi mwayi kwa Sanders wa 4 mfundo. Ku Connecticut, mwayi Clinton ndi penapake zazikulu, 5.6 mfundo pafupifupi, koma ulosi posachedwapa kulosera pafupifupi luso tayi ndi mfundo ziwiri kusiyana mokomera Hillary.

Kodi New England imanenadi "kupita patsogolo"? Popeza ndakhala ndikunena za ukapolo, ndiyandikira funsoli momwemo.

Mu 1790, malinga ndi kalembera, mayiko atatu okha adathetsa ukapolo, onse atatu anali ochokera ku New England, Vermont, Maine ndi Massachusetts ndi omwe anali apainiya. Deta kuchokera ku mayiko ena atatu amalozera mbali imodzi, ukapolo mwa iwo unali wochepa kwambiri, ku New Hampshire kunali akapolo a 157 okha, ku Rhode Island 958, ndipo Connecticut ndi amene anali ndi akapolo ambiri, 2.648. Poyerekeza momwe zinthu ziliri ndi anansi awo kumwera, amatuluka bwino kwambiri, ku New Jersey chiwerengero cha akapolo chinali choposa 10.000, kuwirikiza kawiri ku New York, kum'mwera, Carolinas onse anali ndi akapolo oposa 100.000, Virginia pafupifupi anafika. 300.000. (Statistics of Slaves, p. 132).

Mapu a New England, Gwero: Wikipedia.

Zolemba:

Zaka 100 za Kukula kwa Anthu, XIV. Chiwerengero cha Akapolo, mas. 132-141.

USA Census. (1850).

USA Census. (1860).

Ndale Zomveka Zenizeni: http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/latest_polls/

SANTACANA MESTRE, Juan., and ZARAGOZA RUVIRA, Gonzalo. (2002): Historical Atlas. EDICIONES SM, Pinto (Madrid), pp. 102-103.

The New York Times. Zotsatira zoyambirira: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/us/elections/primary-calendar-and-results.html?_r=0 ndi zotsatira zoyambirira ku New York City: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/04/19/us/elections/new-york-city-democratic-primary-results.html#11/40.7100/-73.9800

Mfundo:

*Magome anayi oyambirira amawoneka opanda mabuku chifukwa ndi deta yomwe ndawerengera kutengera kalembera wa 1850 ndi 1860 popeza mu izi deta yaulere ndi akapolo ndi chiwerengero chinawonekera koma mwatsatanetsatane, popanda maperesenti.

**Muzidziwitso za Virginia mu 1860 pakhoza kukhala zolakwika chifukwa kalemberayo adasokonekera pang'ono m'gawolo ndipo nambala imodzi sinawoneke bwino.