Logograms: kumvetsetsa zilankhulo zakum'mawa

Nkhani yolemba Luis Rubio

M'nkhani yomaliza yomwe ndidalemba, imodzi mwamitu yomwe idayambitsa kukambirana kwambiri inali yokhudza zilankhulo zakum'mawa, kotero tiyang'ana kwambiri nkhani yatsopanoyi. 

Tidati m'banja la chilankhulo cha Chitchaina pali zilankhulo zomwe sizingamveke bwino m'mawu awo monga Chisipanishi ndi Chinorwe. Ndipo komabe, m'malembedwe awo akhoza kukhala ofanana. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa logograms, amatchedwanso 漢字 (hànzì in Standard Mandarin, kanji in Japanese).

Njira yabwino yomvetsetsa lingaliro ili ndi zitsanzo:

貓 amatanthauza 'mphaka' m'chinenero chilichonse cha Chitchaina (ngakhale momveka bwino mu Chimandarini angatanthauzenso 'kubisa', m'Chicantonese 'kuledzera', mu Quanzhou Hokkien 'wonyansa' ndi mu Zhangzhou Hokkien 'wonyansa').

Komabe, 貓 Amatchulidwa mosiyana malinga ndi chinenero cha owerenga: māo in standard Mandarin, miáo in Sichuan Mandarin, māau in Guangzhou Cantonese, miú in Taishan Cantonese, màu in gan, miàu in Meixian Hakka, māu in jin, and long etcetera.

Mwina kusiyanako sikukuwoneka koopsa kwa ife (onse amabwera pafupi ndi phokoso la meow), koma tiyeni tiganize kuti. M'zinenero za Chitchaina, syllable iliyonse ndi liwu lokha. ndipo katchulidwe kake kamafanana ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu oti agwiritsidwe ntchito, kotero kusiyana kwake sikulinso kakang'ono ndipo kumakhudza kwambiri kumvetsetsa. 

Toni ndi gawo lofunikira la zilankhulo zaku China. Mwachitsanzo, mu Mandarin wamba tinganene "m'ma mǎ ma?" (媽罵馬嗎) kufunsa kuti “Kodi mayiyo anakalipira kavaloyo?”

Komanso kumbukirani kuti M’zaka za m’ma 60, boma la China linafewetsa mbali yaikulu ya zilembo zachitchaina., zomwe zinapangitsa kuti Chitchaina Chosavuta. Muchitsanzo chathu pamwambapa, 貓 atha kukhala Chitchaina Chachikhalidwe, pomwe 猫 ndi Chitchaina Chosavuta (ndikufanananso ndi zilembo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Chijapanizi, pomwe amatanthauzanso 'mphaka' ndipo amatchulidwanso 'neko').

Chiwerengero Wachitchaina wodziŵa kulemba ndi kulemba amasamalira mahànzì osiyanasiyana pakati pa 3 ndi 4, ngakhale philologist wabwino amatha kukwanitsa 6 zikwi ndipo pali otanthauzira omwe ali pafupi ndi 100 zikwi. Pankhani ya Japan, Mjapani wodziŵa kulemba ndi kulemba “okha” ayenera kudziwa 2136 kanji. Komabe, mu Chijapani, kuwonjezera pa kanji, pali zilembo zina ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. (ma syllabaries, osati ma logogram) omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira kanji.

Ndipo amaphunzira bwanji logogalamu zambiri chonchi? Ndipo kodi amazipeza bwanji m'dikishonale? Mfungulo ili mu zigawo (zotchedwanso ma radicals). Tikayang'anitsitsa paka kanji timapeza zinthu zitatu zomwe zimatchedwa radicals: 犭, 艹 y 田.

Choyamba (犭) zikutanthauza galu, chachiwiri (艹) udzu ndi chachitatu (田) munda wa mbewu. Ndipo ngakhale zitha kukhala zovuta kuti tipeze malingaliro mu GALU+GRASS+CROP FIELD = CAT, Pakati pa zikwizikwi za milandu pali zambiri zomwe zili ndi tanthauzo loposa lodziwikiratu. 

Mwachitsanzo, ngati 木 ndi mtengo. Zidzakhala chiyani 林? A Grove ndi 森? Nkhalango. Mwanjira iyi, kutsatira malingaliro omveka bwino, masauzande ambiri a logograms omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ku China ndi Japan amatuluka (kale ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito ku Vietnam ndi Korea koma sanagwiritsidwe ntchito).  Kanji/hànzìs ambiri omwe alipo atha kupezeka pophatikiza ma radicals opitilira 100., zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri kuphunzira.

Ubwino waukulu wa ma logoga ndikuti amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito anthu omwe amalankhula zilankhulo zosiyana kwambiri amatha kumvetsetsa uthenga womwewo pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, chidziwitso chokulirapo chikhoza kufalitsidwa muuthenga wocheperako (Titter m'chinenero cha Chitchaina imatha kukhala ndi zambiri kuposa mu Chisipanishi). Ndipo vuto lalikulu ndilofunika kuphunzira osati tanthauzo lokha komanso katchulidwe ka lililonse la iwo.

Zolinga za maphunziro, ntchito ya Kodi chilankhulo cha Chisipanishi chingakhale chotani tikaphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito ma logogalamu? (m'mawu ena okha, monga amachitira m'Chijapani), kulola alendo ena kuwongolera kumvetsetsa kwawo polemba.

Mwanjira iyi, ndikufuna kutsiriza nkhaniyi poyesa, zomwe ena angaganize kuti ndizosalemekeza:

Kwa 看, a 界,

kwa 笑, a 天,

kwa 吻…¡我 no 知

kuti inu 给 kwa 吻!

何是诗?你说 pamene 你钉

m'malo mwanu 瞳蓝

何是诗…? Ndipo iwe ndiwe?

诗…是你!

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