75 makore eMarshall Plan: yakashandura Europe uye yakatsanangurazve zvematongerwo enyika

Munyika umo Hondo Yenyika II yakanga yasiya Europe yaparadzwa, Secretary of State weUnited States George Marshall akapa pfungwa yakashinga inogona kushandura mafambiro enhoroondo: chirongwa chekubatsira kwehupfumi chekuvakazve kondinendi yeEurope. Iyo Marshall Plan, yakatumidzwa mukukudza musiki wayo, inosvitsa makore makumi manomwe neshanu nhasi.

Musi waApril 3, 1948, purezidhendi weUnited States, Harry Truman, yakasaina Marshall Plan, iyo yakapa rubatsiro mune zvoupfumi kunyika dzokuMadokero kweEurope dzakanga dzawirwa neHondo Yenyika II. The kutanga, izvo yakatora makore mana, ichipa rubatsiro runodarika mabhiriyoni gumi nematatu emadhora kunyika 13.000 dzeEurope.

The Marshall Plan yaisangova chiratidzo cherupo kudivi reUnited States, asiwo Yakanga iri zano rezvematongerwo enyika kuchengetedza pesvedzero yeUnited States muEurope uye kurwisa pesvedzero yeSoviet mudunhu. Nyika dzakabatsirwa neMarshall Plan dzaifanira kushandira pamwe kuti dzipiwe rubatsiro, izvo zvakasimudzira kubatana kwezvoupfumi nezvematongerwe enyika kweWestern Europe. Mukuwedzera, chirongwa cheMarshall Plan chakashanda kubatanidza muenzaniso wezvoupfumi weAmerica kurwisana neSoviet, izvo zvakabatsira kumisa kupararira kwecommunism muEurope.

Mhedzisiro yeMarshall Plan yaive yakakosha uye inogara kwenguva refu. Nyika dzinobatsirwa dzakaona kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa uye kubudirira, uye Hupfumi hweEurope hwakakurumidza kupora kubva muhondo. Chirongwa cheMarshall chakabatsirawo kusimudzira kudyidzana kweEurope mune zvoupfumi, zvichiita kuti pave nehwaro hwekuumbwa kweEuropean Union kuma1950. Uyezve, chakava chiratidzo chekushandira pamwe kunoyambuka Atlantic, zvichiita kuti pave nehwaro hwemubatanidzwa weUnited States. uye Europe.

Iyo isati yatanga uye mushure mekushandiswa kwayo

Pamberi peMarshall Plan, Europe Rakanga ranyura mukuparadzwa nourombo somugumisiro weHondo Yenyika II. Hupfumi hweEurope hwakanga hwakanganiswa zvakanyanya nehondo, zvichisiya chiverengero chavagari vapasi chisina zviwanikwa uye mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kusimba ekurarama. Kupfuurirazve, pesvedzero yeSoviet yakanga ichipararira munharaunda yacho, iyo yakatyisidzira kuwedzera kushatisa mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvisinei, mushure mekushandiswa kwayo, Europe yakawana kukurumidza kupora kwehupfumi nemagariro. Nyika dzeEurope dzakabatsirwa nerubatsiro dzakakwanisa kuvakazve hupfumi hwadzo nekuvandudza mararamiro evagari vadzo. Kubatanidzwa kwehupfumi kwakasimudzirwa neMarshall Plan zvakare yakabatsira kusimbisa kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika munharaunda iyi. Panzvimbo pekuve nzvimbo yekupokana, Europe yakava muenzaniso wekushandira pamwe nekubatana pakati penyika, ichiisa hwaro hwekubatana kwepedyo pakati penyika dzeEurope.

Chirongwa cheMarshall chakabatsirawo zvikuru mune zvematongerwo enyika. Akabatsira kusimbisa chinzvimbo cheUnited States semutungamiri wenyika uye kurwisa pesvedzero yeSoviet muEurope. Uyezve, yakateya hwaro hwegwaro rerubatsiro rwekune dzimwe nyika reAmerica mune ramangwana, iro rave chinhu chakakosha chemutemo weUnited States wekunze kubva ipapo.

Nzvimbo yeUSSR

Soviet Union pakutanga yaipikisa Marshall Plan, ichiidana kuedza kweUnited States kumanikidzira maitiro ayo ehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika muEurope. IUSSR yaishushikanawo nekukura kwesimba reUnited States muEurope, iyo yakatyisidzira kukanganisa dunhu uye kubvisa Soviet Union sesimba rinotonga.

Mukupindura kuMarshall Plan, Soviet Union yakagadzira COMECON, mubatanidzwa wezveupfumi waibatanidza nyika dzesosharisiti dzeEastern Europe. COMECON ine chinangwa chekusimudzira kubatana kwehupfumi pakati penyika dzesocialist uye kurwisa pesvedzero yeMarshall Plan muEurope. Zvisinei, pasinei nezvaiedza kuitwa neSoviet Union, chirongwa cheMarshall Plan chakabudirira uye chakaita kuti kuWestern Europe kugadzirike zvoupfumi uye magariro evanhu.

Hurumende dzepasi rose

Mumakore akaitwa Chirongwa cheMarshall, Hurumende yeUnited States yaitungamirirwa naPurezidhendi Harry S. Truman, uyo akatora chigaro mushure mekufa kweMutungamiri Franklin D. Roosevelt muna 1945, akavimbisa kuenderera mberi nemutemo wekubatsira kuEurope. akatanga neakamutangira.

Truman Administration yakatarisana nematambudziko makuru ezvematongerwo enyika, kusanganisira kutanga kweCold War neSoviet Union uye kurwisa communism pasirese. Pamusoro pezvo, Truman Administration yakaita shanduko dzakakosha dzemukati, sekubvumidzwa kweNational Social Security Plan. Akatungamirawo kuedza kugadzira United Nations uye akatungamira kukunda kweAllied muHondo Yenyika II.

Mune dzimwe nyika, vatungamiri vakasiyana-siyana vaitungamirira, kusanganisira mudzvanyiriri, sezvakaratidzwa patafura inotevera:

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