Ukuwa kwe1929 kunye neziphumo zayo ezilandelayo

Kula maxesha okuvalelwa, njengoko usazi ukuba kuya kuhlala kude kube ngu-Epreli 12, abaninzi bayazibuza (siyazibuza) Leliphi ilizwe esiya kuzifumana sikulo ekupheleni kwemeko embi yempilo, ngelishwa, kuye kwafuneka siphile kuyo?.

Ewe, eyona nto iphambili ngoku kufuneka ibe kukuphelisa ukunyuka kwegophe elidumileyo, zama ukunciphisa ifuthe le-COVID-19 kwaye uqinisekise ukuba inani lokufa lisezantsi kangangoko. Kwaye nje ukuba inani labantu abosulelekileyo lilawulwa, kwaye siqala ukuphakamisa ukuvalelwa, Kuya kufuneka silwe elinye idabi, ngeli xesha lezoqoqosho nezentlalo, eliya kuba nzima njengelo langaphambili..

Ukuwa kwe-1929: umphumo webhabhathane owakhokelela ekuweni kwenkqubo yezemali

En 1929 Kwakukho uthotho lwe ukuwa okubukhali kwimarike yemasheya yaseMelika eyafikelela kuvuthondaba ebizwa ngokuba 'nguLwesibini omnyama', usuku apho iiphothifoliyo zaseWall Street zadlula ukusuka kwesinye isandla ukuya kwesinye phakathi kwesoyiko esinamandla, kwaye oko kwakhokelela ekulahlekeni okukhulu kwixabiso lezabelo ezikhokelela kwi-bankruptcy inxalenye enkulu yabatyalo-mali abancinci nabaphakathi. , ebangela i-domino effect ekwachaphazela iipotfoliyo ezinkulu.

Ukuwohloka kwemarike yemasheya yase-US kubangele uloyiko lwamazwe ngamazwe, ekubeni amazwe afana neJamani ayexhomekeke kakhulu kwinkxaso-mali evela e-USA, kunye noloyiko lotyalo-mali olwenziwe isiqingatha sokhuseleko lwezemali lwehlabathi lwehla, ngelixa abatyali-mali ababenekhredithi barhoxisa kwaye abazange bafake kwinkqubo ngenxa yokwesaba ukulahlekelwa yiyo.

Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, 'Ifuthe lebhabhathane' elibangelwa ubukhulu becala kukungakwazi kweebhanki zaseMelika ukujongana nengxaki kunye nokubonelela ngetyala kubemi bazo, kubangele ukuba iYurophu kunye nenxalenye yehlabathi itsalelwe phantsi. ngokubhekiselele kwimeko yezemali ebuthathaka njengaleyo yaseMntla Melika, ibeka iinkqubo zayo zemali, ezopolitiko nezentlalo emngciphekweni.

Amazwe amaninzi afana neFransi, ibhanki yawo yayixhomekeke kakhulu kumgangatho wegolide, kwafuneka athathe isigqibo phakathi kokuyinciphisa kunye nokutshintsha i-paradigm. (ngelahleko enkulu yezoqoqosho eyaba nayo) okanye nyamezela kwaye uzame ukoyisa imeko ngelixa ugcina oovimba bakho.

Iziphumo zokuwohloka koqoqosho lwehlabathi

Kwiinyanga emva kokuwa kwemarike yemasheya, imeko yezoqoqosho yayisele ithambile kwindawo eninzi yeplanethi. Amandla okuthenga abemi awela kakhulu, ngelixa i-GDP yamazwe yancitshiswa kakhulu., eyaphela ikhokelela kuLawulo oluhlwempuzekileyo olungakwaziyo ukunika uncedo lwezoqoqosho nezentlalo kubemi babo.

Iikhredithi azizange zihambe, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali kunye nempahla enokuthi iyixhase, ngoko Iinkampani ezininzi kuye kwafuneka zivalwe nto leyo yakhokelela ekubeni abantu abaninzi baphulukane nemisebenzi. kunye nokushiywa kungancediswa ngaMazwe axineneyo.

Imeko yentlalo yaba yinto engazinzanga kwabaninzi, kwaye Ukudimazeka kwasasazeka phakathi kwabemi phantse ngesantya esifanayo nentlupheko. Ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kuye kwanda ngenxa yokubalekela kwabemi bamazwe athile kwamanye abanethemba elingcono.


Ityalangaphakathi nangaphandle, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso (okubangelwa kukutya okugqithisileyo kunye nemfuno ephantsi), ibe negalelo ekwenzeni imeko ibe mbi nangakumbi.

Ukunyuka kwezilo ezinje ngeNazi, kunye neMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi

Imeko ebuthathaka ukuba izigidi zabemi zazihlala, ngakumbi kumazwe axhomekeke eUnited States njengeJamani, yenza iintshukumo ezathi uloyiso kude kube ngoko kwabonakala kungenakucingelwa ukuba kunyuke njengogwebu, njengobuNazi. UHitler wasebenzisa ithuba lemeko yezoqoqosho ukuze avuthe umlilo wentukuthelo amaJamani awayevakalelwa ngayo malunga nembuyekezo ilizwe ekwakufuneka liyithathe emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I.

Abemi abaninzi, bephelelwe lithemba, babambelele kwimiyalezo ekhuthaza ukhuselo lwesizwe ngokuchasene “nohlaselo lwangaphandle” kwaye batyhola imeko yabo yezoqoqosho nentlalontle kwabo bebengamahlakani abo kude kube mva nje. Iintetho ezakhokelela kwingqumbo yabantu kwintiyo ngokukhawuleza zasasazeka phakathi kwabemi., kwaye uloyiso lwakhe lwamkhokelela ekubeni uHitler athathe amandla, nto leyo eya kuthi kamva ikhokelele kwisibhengezo semfazwe eya kuthi ekugqibeleni ifumane isikali samazwe ngamazwe.

Imfazwe yehlabathi, eyesibini, eyathi kwiminyaka elishumi emva kokuwa kwemarike yemasheya, yatshabalalisa isiqingatha sehlabathi neziphumo zayo, ngelishwa, zaziwa kuthi sonke. Izigidi zabantu zafa zaza zabulawa yintiyo.

Yonke into iyaphuma: isicwangciso 'seRoosevelt' kunye nelandelayo 'isicwangciso sikaMarshall'

Ngenxa yemeko ebuthathaka iUnited States of America eyayihamba kuyo, UMongameli Roosevelt wayila waza waqalisa isicwangciso esothusayo ukuzama ukuvuselela uqoqosho lwayo.

Phakathi konyaka we-1933 nowe-1938, Roosevelt wenza "iDilithi eNtsha" yakhe eyandisa ukhuseleko kumhlaba waseMntla Melika, ukwenza uhlaziyo lweemarike zemali kunye nokuvuselelwa koqoqosho ngelixa ukhusela awona macandelo asemngciphekweni woluntu.

Roosevelt's iibhetri ezahlukeneyo zamanyathelo afakiweyo iinguqulelo ezinkulu ezahlukeneyo njengohlaziyo lwenkqubo yezemali, iinkqubo zokudala nokukhuthaza ingqesho, ukukhuthazwa kwemisebenzi yezolimo, utyalo-mali olukhulu nguRhulumente kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuxhasa ngemali karhulumente, imithetho yokhuseleko lomanyano, ukukhuthazwa koKhuseleko loLuntu, njl.

Yonke into ineendleko, kwaye kule meko ibe kukunyuka kwentsilelo yoluntu, nto leyo eyathi yathothisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngokuhlanganisa uqoqosho lwelizwe.

Kwiminyaka kamva, ekupheleni kweMfazwe, amazwe aseYurophu acela uncedo kwi-US efunyenwe ngakumbi ukuba ixhase ukwakhiwa kwakhona kweZizwe ezazitshatyalalisiwe emva kweminyaka yongquzulwano.

Oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-'Marshall Plan' ibandakanya utyalo-mali olukhulu olwenziwe yi-US eYurophu, ngaphezulu kwe-14.000 yeebhiliyoni zeedola., ukwakha ngokutsha amazwe aseYurophu awayetshatyalalisiwe, ngenjongo yokuphucula ishishini laseYurophu nokuvuselela urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Iziphumo 'zesicwangciso sikaMarshall' zixoxwe ngokubanzi ziingcali, yahlulwe phakathi abo bakholelwa ukuba umbulelo kuye uqoqosho lwaseYurophu bafumana awona mazinga angcono okukhula kwimbali yawo, kwaye abo bakholelwa ukuba oku kwakusele kusenzeka ngaphambili. kwisicelo sakho. Inyaniso kukuba ukuguquguquka okusetyenzisiweyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo ye-austerity eyayiza kusetyenziswa igalelo ekuquletheni ukunyuka kobukhomanisi kwilizwekazi elidala, ukubonelela ukuzinza kwezopolitiko kooRhulumente bamazwe ahlukeneyo ngokuchasene ne-USSR bloc.

I-COVID-19: umda ongacingelekiyo

Ihlabathi esilaziyo namhlanje alinanto yakwenza noko lalikho malunga neminyaka eyi-100 eyadlulayo. Kodwa ingxaki yezempilo yehlabathi esijongene nayo kwezi veki isikhumbuza kakhulu ingxaki yezemali yokuwa kwe-'29, ikakhulu ngenxa yeziphumo ezinokubangela ukuvalwa kwamazwe kunye nokuwa kweemarike zawo.

Kodwa Ngesi sihlandlo, imeko yamazwe ngamazwe yahluke kakhulu. I-China, ilizwe lokuqala elichaphazelekayo, likwazile ukoyisa impembelelo yalo kunye nokumisa ingxaki yezempilo. Ngokulandelayo, amazwe aseNtshona ngoku alwela ukuzama ukuwoyisa, ngeendleko zokumisa ubukhulu becala imisebenzi yawo yokuvelisa.

Le meko iyinxalenye yento kude kube ngoku 'yimfazwe yorhwebo' phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu amabini ehlabathi: i-US kunye ne-China, ezama ukuzimisa kwi-hellm yehlabathi kwaye ithatha indawo yomnye nomnye.

Iimarike zezabelo kwihlabathi jikelele ziwa kakhulu, kwaye i-ERTEs ziyanda ngaphandle kokuqonda imida, eshiya amakhulu amawaka abasebenzi engenamsebenzi ngeentsuku nje ezimbalwa.

Elona themba leenkokeli zehlabathi ngeli xesha Ukulawula ukujongana nengxaki yezempilo ngokukhawuleza ukuzama ukuchacha okumise okwe-V, Ukucinga ukuba kuya kubakho ukuwa kwezoqoqosho ngokukhawuleza kodwa ukuthembela ukuba kuya kuba okwethutyana kwaye kuvelise umphumo owenziweyo oya kusenza siphume ngokukhawuleza.

Inyaniso yileyo Umda wale ngxaki, namhlanje, awunakucingelwa. Sisenokuba sijongana nemeko yethutyana kwaye soyise kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, okanye sinokuba sifumana eyona ngxaki inkulu kwimbali eneziphumo ezibi kakhulu kunezo zika-1929.

Izicwangciso zokuvuselela uqoqosho; amanyathelo okukhusela imali kubantu ngabanye, abantu abazisebenzelayo, ii-SME kunye neenkampani ezinkulu; ityala okanye uxolelo lwerhafu; uncedo loluntu; zezinye nje ze amanyathelo oorhulumente bomqondiso omnye okanye omnye kuya kufuneka bawathabathe kwaye aya kuvavanya ukuxhathisa kwethu kunye nokukwazi kwethu ukoyisa.

Kwaye ukuba into esijongene nayo namhlanje yimfazwe, imeko elandelayo iya kuba yeyomva kwemfazwe, kwaye iya kufuna izicwangciso ezinqwenelekayo kunye nabaphathi ekuphakameni kwale meko ingaqhelekanga. Kuya kuba ngamaxesha anzima, kodwa ukuba kukho into esiyifundileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo yiyo leyo Nakwelona xesha libi kakhulu, uluntu lukwazile ukoyisa.