NgoJuni 15 ekhethekileyo. Iminyaka eyi-40 ye "ulawulo lwe-78"

Sele kudlule amashumi amane eminyaka ukususela kunyulo lokuqala lwedemokhrasi olubanjwe eSpain emva kweminyaka engamashumi amane yolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Kwiminyaka emininzi, emangalisayo: elona xesha likhulu kwaye lide lolawulo lwentando yesininzi, inkululeko kunye nempumelelo elakha layixhamla ilizwe lethu. Kwabanye, nangona kunjalo, olo nyulo lwaphawula isiqalo solawulo olungaphumeleliyo, indlalifa kwiziphene kunye nezithintelo ezinokukhokelela ekusileleni kude kube yinkulungwane yama-XNUMX.

Imbali iya kwenza isigqibo sokuba ngubani owayenyanisile:

1975. Ukufa kukazwilakhe. "Umyalezo wakhe wokugqibela" wongamela ukungena kuzo zonke izikolo zelizwe kangangeenyanga ezininzi.

1976. Emva kweKrisimesi, kunye nentetho kaFranco, uMyalezo wokuQala ovela kuKumkani waxhonywa kumagumbi okufundela. Ithoni yakhe yayisele yahluke kakhulu. Unyaka owavula ngawo, nawo.

Imigca yokuvota. NgoJuni 15, 1977, uluntu lwaseSpain lwaya kuvoto ngobuninzi. Abaninzi bebelinde amashumi eminyaka ukuba bakwazi ukuyenza.

NgoDisemba 6, 1978, uMgaqo-siseko wamkelwa sisininzi esikhulu kuvoto. Iilwimi zoluntu oluzimeleyo olusanda kwamkelwa zathatha indawo njengendalo.

Kunyulo lwe-1979, i-UCD kaMongameli uAdolfo Suárez yaphinda uloyiso lwayo kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambili. Ulawulo oludala ngoku lwalusemva ngokuqinisekileyo.

1980. Unyulo oluzimeleyo eCatalonia nakwilizwe laseBasque. Ukuvunywa kommiselo waseAndalusi. I-State of Autonomies iyahamba.

1981. Utshintsho lwaba ngesiquphe kakhulu kwaye lukhaliphile kumacandelo amadala eFrancoist ukuba afane nawo. Ngomhla wama-23 kuFebruwari bazama ubhukuqo-mbuso olwaphanzayo.

1982. Uluntu lwaphuma ngamandla emva kweenzame zobhukuqo-mbuso, lwaze lwavotela umbutho weSocialist Party, owathi wafumana esona sininzi sikhululekileyo kwidemokhrasi.

1983. Urhulumente wobusoshiyali uhlutha inkampani ephethe iRumasa kusomashishini owaziwayo uJosé María Ruiz Mateos.

Ngo-1984, i-PSOE, eyafika kurhulumente ithembisa ukudala imisebenzi engama-800.000, ibona indlela imeko yezoqoqosho ebangela ngayo izinga labantu abangaphangeliyo ukuya kutsho phantse kuma-20%, kwaye inani labantu abangaphangeliyo sele lisondele kwi-3.000.000.

Urhulumente wawuphumeza ngowe-1985 umthetho wokuphelisa ukuqhomfa.

1986. ISpain izimanya nento eyayibizwa ngoko ngokuba yiEuropean Economic Community (kwaye ivume ubulungu beNATO kwireferendamu)

Ngomnyaka we-1987, i-ETA yenza uhlaselo lwabanqolobi kwivenkile ye-Hipercor e-Barcelona. Eyona ndyikitya yokufa kwakhe, phakathi kwezinye ezininzi yenziwa ngaphambi nasemva kwayo.

NgoDisemba 14, 1988. Impumelelo yoqhankqalazo olukhulu oluchasene nomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho worhulumente wePSOE. Ukungavisisani kuyaqala, ihoneymoon kaGonzález kunye noluntu lwasekhohlo luyaphela.

1989. Abafazi bokuqala bangenela umkhosi, bexhathisa ngamandla. Namhlanje amawaka abo athathe inxaxheba kwiimishini ezininzi kwihlabathi liphela.

Amajelo okuqala kamabonakude abucala azalwa: Antena 3, Canal + kunye neTelecinco. I-monopoly yamajelo amabini e-TVE iyaphela.

Kwi-1991 u-Alfonso Guerra, iSekela likaMongameli kaRhulumente, wayeka ngenxa yetyala elithi "Juan Guerra". Ezinye iimeko zorhwaphilizo zivela ezifana neFilesa. I-PSOE inyamezela ukubulela kwi-charisma kaFelipe González.

IMidlalo yeeOlimpiki yowe-1992 yaba likhefu elimnandi kwiminyaka entsonkothileyo. Inkosana eselula yayingumthwali womgangatho oqhwatyelwa izandla, kwaye impumelelo yezemidlalo kunye nentlangano yasibeka kwindawo ekhethekileyo kwihlabathi.

Iflegi yayingasoloko isetyenziselwa iinjongo zemidlalo okanye ezibekekileyo. Ngowe-1993, amatyala amatsha amaninzi orhwaphilizo abonakala esondele kumandla: uRoldán, uPaesa, uBanesto, njl njl. Nangona kunjalo, i-PSOE ikwazile ukuphumelela unyulo jikelele, kwakhona.

U-Belle Epoque uphumelele i-Oscar yeyona filimu ibalaseleyo yangaphandle. Ngeli xesha, uLuis Roldán uyaqhubeka nokubaleka, uSolchaga kunye noCorcuera barhoxa, kwaye ngakumbi nangakumbi amahlazo asasazwa.

I-socialist u-Javier Solana uqeshwe nguNobhala Jikelele we-NATO ngo-1995. Ukubethelwa kwe-wiretapping ngokungekho mthethweni okwenziwa yi-CESID kuyagwetywa.

Ekugqibeleni, emva kweminyaka yokungaphumeleli ukugxeka urhwaphilizo lukarhulumente we-PSOE, i-PP yakwazi ukuphumelela unyulo jikelele kwi-1996, nangona i-margin engaphantsi kunokulindelekile.

I-ETA yaxhwila yaza yabulala uceba uMiguel Angel Blanco ngo-1997. Akukho nto yayifana ne-ETA ukususela ngoko.

I-Santander isungula ibhidi yokuthatha (ibhidi yokuthatha) ye-Banesto. Ke ngoko, inqanaba lokufunyanwa, ukudityaniswa kunye nokwandiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwebhanki ekhulayo yaseSpain yadityaniswa.

Ngowe-1999, iSpeyin, emva kokuba yenze uhlengahlengiso oluqatha, nokuthobela iimfuneko ezibekwe eMaastricht, iyinxalenye yoManyano lweMali oluza kungenisa iyuro ukuze ithabathel’ indawo imali yelizwe.

ISpain iphumelele iDavis Cup okokuqala. Impumelelo yezemidlalo yenye yezinto ezicaphukisayo kwisizwe.

2001. Ityala le-ERE eAndalusia lityhiliwe

Unyaka wama-2002. Itanki yeoli ye-Prestige ibaleka kunxweme lwase-Galician. Umphathiswa uMariano Rajoy ujongene nentlekele yendalo. Uluntu luhlanganisana ukunciphisa umonakalo.

Ngo-2003. INtshona ihlanganisana ngokuchasene "nezixhobo zokutshabalalisa" ekurhaneleka ukuba i-Iraq iyifumba. ISpain ikumqolo ongaphambili ukuxhasa isenzo somkhosi.

Olunye lohlaselo lokuqala lwe-jihadist lwenzeka eSpain, kwaye lubangela ukufa kwabantu abaphantse babe ngama-200. Ulawulo olugwenxa lwengxaki, ukufakwa kwayo kwi-ETA, kunye nesiphithiphithi sentlalo esalandela iintsuku ezintathu ngaphambi konyulo, kubangele ukoyiswa konyulo lwe-Popular Party kunye noloyiso lwe-PSOE ye-Zapatero.

I-Zapatero isemthethweni umtshato wobungqingili kwi-2005. ICongress iyagatya "Isicwangciso se-Ibarretxe" seBasque Lehendakari.

Uhlaziyo loMthetho waseCatalan ngo-2006, ekugqibeleni lwabhengezwa ngokunxamnye noMgaqo-siseko yiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ngo-2010, nto leyo eyabangela intsabelo emandla eluntwini.

Kwi-2007, uMongameli uZapatero wakhuthaza uMthetho wokuxhomekeka, ekugqibeleni wawungayi kufezekisa zonke iinjongo zawo ngenxa yokungabikho kwemali.

Iingxaki ezinkulu zemali ziqhambuka e-United States nakwezinye iindawo, apho uMongameli uZapatero engazi.

2009. Le ngxaki ifikelela eSpeyin nabo bonke ubunzima bayo. Amanyathelo okothuka kunye nokuvuselela ayazanywa kodwa akasebenzi. intsilelo ebalekayo.

2010. I-Zapatero iphoqeleka ukuba yenze izicucu ezinkulu kwicala elichasene nemilinganiselo yangaphambili. Ityala leNoos liyaqhuma.

Unyaka ka-2011. Endleleni eya kwi-5.000.000 yabantu abangaphangeliyo, ingqumbo yentlalontle iyaphuphuma. Intshukumo ye-15-M iyazalwa. Iqela elidumileyo liphumelela unyulo jikelele.

Urhulumente wePP uyaqhubeka kwaye ugxininisa umgaqo-nkqubo wokunciphisa. Uhlaziyo lwezabasebenzi luvunyiwe. Kukho impendulo enamandla yoluntu. Uqhankqalazo jikelele ngomhla wama-20 kuMatshi, ngo-2012.

2013. Uqoqosho aluphenduli. Izigidi ezithandathu zabangaphangeliyo ziyafikelelwa. Urhulumente weQela elidumileyo ubonakala amatyala athile orhwaphilizo. Ityala le-Bárcenas, izikrokro ezisisiseko zokuxhaswa ngemali ngokungekho mthethweni kweqela.

Ugxekwa ngenxa yesimo sakhe sengqondo kunye namahlazo osapho, uKumkani uJuan Carlos I, umlinganiswa oyintloko wenguqu, uyarhoxa. Unyana wakhe uFelipe VI uthatha ulawulo. I-Podemos ibonakala ngokumangalisa kunyulo lwaseYurophu: I-15-M sele inobukho bezopolitiko. Amatyala amaninzi orhwaphilizo (i-Punic) achaphazela i-PP.

2015. Urhwaphilizo lungqinga i-PP kwaye luhlambalaza i-PSOE. I-Podemos kunye ne-Ciudadanos iphelile kwi-bipartisanship yendabuko kwi-20-D yonyulo.

2016. Unyaka wokuvalwa kweziko kunye nokungakwazi ukwenza uninzi. Iphela emva konyulo lwesibini apho iPP iqhubela phambili izikhundla ngaphandle kwamahlazo ayo, ngokuzibonakalisa njengomxhasi wozinzo kunye nokuvuselelwa kwezoqoqosho.

2017. I-PSOE ifuna indawo yayo. Iqela elidumileyo lizama ukoyisa amahlazo alo. Umngeni wombutho wokuzimela waseCatalan ufikelela kumda. Ukungaqiniseki okuninzi malunga nekhosi eya kugqiba ukuyithatha iSpain.