[Eyikhethekileyo] i-Al Hoceima: ingcinezelo yase-Morocco ngaphambi kwe-'Berber spring'.

Sele iminyaka esixhenxe ukususela ekuqaleni kwe-Arab Spring eTunisia, apho ukuzibulala komrhwebi emva kokuba amapolisa ahluthe iimpahla zakhe kunye nezinto zakhe kwavelisa uchungechunge loqhanqalazo lwabantu abaninzi bamazwe ase-Arab akuMntla Afrika kunye nePersian Gulf ngokuchasene nokucinezelwa koorhulumente kunye neenkokheli zabo.

Lo mbhodamo wakhula ngokungalinganiyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo apho uqhanqalazo lwenzeka, lwakhokelela kuhlaziyo lwezolawulo, ukuwa koorhulumente kunye nokuvulwa koorhulumente kwidemokhrasi yentshona, kodwa nokubhukuqwa kweenkokeli okukhokelele ekuqaliseni kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu. iimfazwe.

Umthombo wama-Arabhu wafikelela kwilizwe elingummelwane Morocco kakhulu ngoFebruwari 2011 emva kokunyanzeliswa kwabantu abaninzi abaselula njengoqhanqalazo oluchasene nokungalingani kwezentlalo (nangona kuyinyani ukuba sele ku-2010 kwakukho uqhanqalazo oluqinileyo kwintsimi ye-Sahara eNtshonalanga ye-Sahara eyaphela ngongquzulwano olukrakra kunye nabasemagunyeni baseMorocco abakwazi ukubenza bangasebenzi. ngengcinezelo enamandla). Ngesi sihlandlo ukumkani waseMorocco, U-Mohamed VI ubhengeze uhlaziyo lomgaqo-siseko ukungxengxeza uqhanqalazo ngokuqokelela inxenye yeemfuno zabo, nto leyo eyathi yathomalalisa imimoya.

Kodwa kude nokuhlala kwindawo yoxolo, kwiinyanga zakutshanje uBukumkani baseMorocco bujongene nongquzulwano olutsha olusongela ukubeka esichengeni isikhundla selizwe kwibala lezizwe ngezizwe kunye nokubeka esichengeni umfanekiso woKumkani walo: Ingxabano kwiRif kunye noqhanqalazo e-Al Hoceima.

Ukuqonda imvelaphi yongquzulwano phakathi koRhulumente waseRabat kunye neRif, kuyimfuneko ukubuyela kumbindi wenkulungwane edluleyo kwaye ujonge kwimbali yayo yakutshanje, kunye nokuqaqambisa idatha eyahlukeneyo yejografi, yezopolitiko kunye neyolawulo. yenza lo mmandla ube nempixano ngakumbi.

IRif ngummandla omkhulu ophumela kunxweme olusemantla eMorocco ukusuka eYebala ukuya kumda weAlgeria, equka iindawo ezininzi zolawulo lwaseSpain njengesixeko esizimeleyo saseMelilla okanye iPeñón de Alhucemas.

ngenani labantu Uninzi lweBerber, uninzi lwabemi balo bakolu hlanga kwaye bayayigcina iRifian tarifit njengolwimi lwabo lweenkobe, oluhlala kunye nesiArabhu kwaye, kancinci, isiFrentshi neSpanish.

Ngokwejografi ibandakanya amaphondo amathandathu (iTaza, iBerkane, iDriouch, iOujda, iNador kunye neAl Hoceima) kwaye ke ngoko ibandakanya abantu abafana ne-Al Hoceima, iMelilla okanye iNador.

Ngolawulo kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yokugqibela iRif ibiphantsi kokhuselo lwaseSpain enxulunyaniswa nesibakala sokuba inxalenye yabemi bayo inemvelaphi yokugxothwa kwamaSilamsi kuSingasiqithi weIberia ebudeni bolawulo lweeMonarch zamaKatolika.

Yaba yinxalenye yokhuselo oluxeliweyo de kwaba yinkululeko yaseMoroccan ngo-1956, nangona abantu baseRiffian bebesoloko bebonisa. umlinganiswa onamandla ozimeleyo kwaye uye walwa neSpain kunye neMorocco ukuze ifumane ukuzimela kwayo.

Phakathi kwe-1911 kunye ne-1921 ukusekwa kwindawo yoMkhuseli waseSpain kwabangela uvukelo oluninzi lwamaRiffian olwakhokelela kwimfazwe phakathi kwabemi baseBerber kunye nemikhosi yaseSpain, nto leyo eyabangela ukubhengezwa kwemfazwe. IRiphabhlikhi yeRif ngo-1921 emva kokoyiswa kwamaSpanish kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yiNtlekele yoNyaka.

IRiphabhlikhi yathi ibandakanya indawo phakathi kweTetouan neNador, ilungisa ikomkhulu layo e-Axdir, nangona kuphela yahlala iminyaka emi-5 de kwangowe-1926 imikhosi yaseSpain yayichitha emva kokoyisa iiRiffians kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiLanding of Al Hoceima.

Ngowe-1956, emva kokuzimela geqe kweMorocco, iSpain yatyikitya ukuzimela geqe kweRif yaza yaba yinxalenye yelizwe elitsha laseMorocco, nangona kunjalo. ukusuka kumzuzu wokuqala imimandla yeRif yayingabandakanywa kubomi bezopolitiko baseMorocco. Ngenxa yezi ziganeko, ngo-1958 amaRiffian avukela kwakhona, ngeli xesha ngokuchasene neMorocco, kodwa uKumkani u-Hassan II wayalela imikhosi yakhe ukuba iyibeke phantsi imvukelo, eyaphela nge-8000 yeengxwelerha kwicala laseBerber.

Ukususela kuloo mzuzu uRhulumente waseRabat wagqiba ekubeni abeke iRif yedwa ngokwezoqoqosho, kwezopolitiko nakuluntu, kunye nokurhoxisa konke okubhekiselele kwinkcubeko yaseBerber ngenjongo yokuba, kwixesha eliphakathi, ukuphelisa ukulangazelela ukuzimela kule ndawo. Ngokuhambelana noku, uRabat wagqiba bacinezele kabukhali nasiphi na isoyikiso soqhanqalazo eRif, kwaye yacinezela iSpain ukuba inganikeli lizwi kubemi baseBerber baseMelilla.

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-80, iPSOE yagqiba ekubeni inike inkxaso Ubumi baseSpain kwiimbacu zaseRif ezihlala eMelilla kwaye ukususela ngaloo mzuzu abaninzi babo bahlala kwi-peninsula kwaye balwela ukugcina inkcubeko yabo yaseBerber ngelixa benika ilizwi kumabango eRiffian kunye nengcinezelo ababephantsi kwayo abantu bamazwe abo. Uninzi lwabo lubonise umdla wokumanyanisa yonke imimandla engaphakathi kweRif, kuquka nesixeko saseMelilla.

Emva kokuba u-Mohamed VI elawula, amanyathelo achasene neRiffians aqala ukuphakanyiswa, nangona kuyinyani ukuba ngowama-2008 wagqiba kwelokuba alikhuphe ngokungekho mthethweni iqela lezopolitiko laseBerber nto leyo eyawacaphukisayo amaRifi.

Kodwa ingxabano enkulu yangoku kunye ne-Al Hoceima inemvelaphi yayo Ngo-Oktobha 2016 xa umthengisi weentlanzi watyunyuzwa wafa yilori yenkunkuma ngelixa ezama ukubuyisela iimpahla ezithathwe ngamapolisa aseMorocco kuye.nto leyo yabangela uqhanqalazo olukhulu kwingingqi yaseRif nakwinxalenye yelizwe laseMorocco kwinto eyabonwa njengophawu lokuphelelwa lithemba kwabemi baseRifi ngenxa yeemeko ezimanyumnyezi zezoqoqosho abahlala kuzo ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sonyaka. Inkulungwane.

Ukusukela ngoko, uqhanqalazo lwase-Al Hoceima aluzange luyeke, kwaye nangona urhulumente waseRabat waqala walujonga olu qhankqalazo njengemvukelo ekhuthazwa yiminqweno yangaphandle, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo uye wavuma ukuba izicelo ze-Popular Movement ye-Rif zazinengqiqo kwaye wathembisa ukukhawulezisa utyalo-mali. ukwakha izibhedlele, iidyunivesithi kunye nokuphucula iziseko zophuhliso eziphelelwe lixesha.

Kude nokuthembela kumazwi enkosi yabo, eAl Hoceima lwaqhuba uqhanqalazo apho uRabat wasabela ngokuyalela ukuba ukubanjwa ngoMeyi kwenkokeli ephambili yoMbutho, uNasser Zefzafi, ngoku oseluvalelweni eCasablanca kunye nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba abali-100 kwiMovement yoqhanqalazo nabo babanjiwe.

Okwangoku abemi base-Al Hoceima bahlala kwisixeko esinqatyisiweyo ngamapolisa odushe aseMoroccan, nangona inqabile imini apho kungekho qhankqalazo, uqhanqalazo okanye uqhushululu. Ukusetyenziswa kwezintywizisi iiyure ezinxamnye nabaqhankqalazi kwakunye nokubanjwa kweentatheli ezininzi ebezipapashe udushe “ngokukhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba kolu qhankqalazo” kongeze amafutha kulo mlilo.

Kwiintsuku zamva nje, urhulumente waseMorocco uye waqinisa amanyathelo alo okuthintela uqhanqalazo, esoyikisa ngokurhoxisa ilayisenisi yabaqhubi beeteksi ukuze bangabathathi abo bafuna ukujoyina iingxabano, ukuseka ulawulo lokufikelela ekungeneni nasekuphumeni kwe-Al Hoceima kwaye ukuthintela ukungena kwilizwe liphela ukuya esixekweni ukuthintela imifanekiso yemiboniso emikhulu.

I-Riffians, kude nokunikezela, iqinisekisa ukuba abayikuyeka de bakhulule amabanjwa ngenxa yokuqhankqalaza (ababekwinkundla yamatyala ukususela ngoMeyi) kwaye de kufike uncedo lwezentlalo kunye nokuchithwa kommandla, into engqubana nentloko kunye umdla we Rabat, ongafuni ukunika umfanekiso wobuthathaka kwihlabathi.

Wonke umntu usengozini enkulu kwezi nyanga, nakwibhotwe bayazi ukuba ukuba i-Arab Spring ibafundise nantoni na, kukuba yonke into inokuthatha inguqu enkulu kwiiyure nje ezingama-48 kwaye. ukungalingani okanye ukuthintela ingqalelo kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe kunokuphelisa nangamandla amiselweyo ka-Mohamed VI, ngelixa abantu baseRif benqwenela ukulinganisa iimeko zabo zentlalo kunye nelizwe lonke kwaye, ngubani owaziyo, ukufumana ukuzimela ngolunye usuku.

Kwaye ekukhanyeni koku, uMelilla ongummelwane ujonge ukubuza kuyo yonke into eyenzekayo kunye nokungaqiniseki kwezinto ezingalindelekanga, eziphila ubomi bemihla ngemihla kude lee zeRiffians nangona zingamashumi eekhilomitha, kodwa amashumi eminyaka kude.