[ULUVO] Ubuxoki bokunqongophala kokuguquguquka kwemarike yabasebenzi baseSpain.

[Inqaku ngu-liber_all]

Flexible: RAE 3. adj. Oko akuxhomekekanga kwimithetho engqongqo, iimfundiso okanye imiqobo.

Kuxhaphake kakhulu ukuba abantu, ingakumbi abo bazibiza ngokuba ngabakhululekileyo, babhekise ngokuguquguqukayo kwisikhokelo somthetho esingenamiqobo nemimiselo yokuqesha nokugxotha abasebenzi ziinkampani zabucala.

Xa aba bantu bekhankanya ukuqina njengesizathu sokungaqeshwa kwesakhiwo, into abasixelela yona kukuba isakhelo sezomthetho saseSpain sithintelwe ngokubhekiselele ekuqeshweni okanye ekuqeshweni.

Ukuguquguquka: Ukukwazi ukuziqhelanisa ngokulula neemeko ezahlukeneyo okanye ukuthobela imithetho kwiimeko okanye iimfuno ezahlukeneyo.

Inyani yeyokuba imakethi yezabasebenzi yaseSpain ibhetyebhetye, isiphumo sohlaziyo oluninzi olwenziwe kule minyaka ingama-35 idlulileyo. Namhlanje umqeshi unokugxotha ngaphandle kwesizathu okanye ukuthetheleleka ngaphaya kwentando elula yokwenza oko kwaye unokuqesha nokuba yiyure enye. Kukho iindidi ngeendidi zeekontraka ezilungelelanisa phantse zonke iimeko apho umsebenzi unokuba khona, unokuqesha ngokungenasiphelo kodwa ngamaxesha angapheliyo, unokuqesha kuphela ukwenza umsebenzi okanye inkonzo, ukubuyisela omnye umsebenzi, okwethutyana uzimisele ukuba inokuba lusuku olunye, ixesha elingenammiselo, kukho iimeko ezikhethekileyo kubasebenzi kwimisebenzi okanye kwizivumelwano zoqeqesho.

Kwenzeka into efanayo ngokugxothwa, umqeshi unokugxotha nanini na kwaye ngaphandle kwesizathu sokutshintshela imbuyekezo eyongeza nje kwiindleko zomsebenzi. Imbuyekezo exeliweyo iye yehla ngohlaziyo ngalunye kwaye, ukongeza, iimeko zicingelwa apho ithi inyamalale okanye icuthwe ngakumbi. Le yimeko yokugxothwa okanye ukugxothwa ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo.

Ngoko ke, umthetho wabasebenzi ubhetyebhetye kakhulu, uziqhelanisa ngokulula neemeko, iimeko okanye iimfuno ezahlukeneyo.

Umbuzo olandelayo uya kuba, ngaba ukuguquguquka kusebenze ukuphelisa intswela-ngqesho? Impendulo ngokucacileyo imbi njengoko sibona yonke imihla. Siyabona ukuba bekunjani ngaphambili.

Olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo lwezabasebenzi lubonakaliswe ngombala obomvu:

9 Oktobha ka-1984

I-CEOE, i-UGT kunye noRhulumente we-Socialist batyikitye iSivumelwano sezoQoqosho kunye neNtlalo ngenjongo yokukhuthaza ingqesho kwaye kwagqitywa ukuba kuvulwe iingcango zokuqesha okwethutyana.

http://elpais.com/diario/1984/10/10/economia/466210807_850215.html

13 Juni ka 1994

Yayiyeyona nguqulelo iqatha yabasebenzi kwimarike yezemisebenzi yaseSpain, eyakhuthazwa ngurhulumente wobusoshiyali ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwemibutho yabasebenzi.

La manyathelo matsha athetha ukunyenyiswa kwemigaqo yekhontrakthi kunye neyothethwano oludityanelweyo. Iinkampani zanikwa isixhobo esitsha, kunye nokunyuka kwezizathu zokugxothwa ngenxa yezobuchwepheshe okanye uqoqosho lwezizathu ze-force majeure, kwaye zamkela ukuhamba okusebenzayo kunye neendawo ngenxa yezizathu zobugcisa, umbutho kunye nezoqoqosho. Ikhontrakthi entsha yokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-junk contract, yenzelwe ukulawula ii-arhente zengqesho zexeshana (ETT).

http://elpais.com/diario/1994/06/14/economia/771544808_850215.html

28 April 1997

I-CEOE kunye nabaqeshi be-CEPYME kunye nemibutho ye-UGT kunye ne-CCOO batyikitye iSivumelwano soZinzo lweNgqesho kunye neNgxoxo yoThethathethwano ngokuHlangeneyo, esiya kusebenza iminyaka emine. Isivumelwano sahlulahlulwe saziinxalenye ezintathu: amanyathelo okulwa ukungakhuseleki kwemisebenzi, uhlaziyo lweengxoxo ezidityanelweyo, kunye nokugubungela izikhewu ezilawulayo. Imvumelwano yakhokelela kwisivumelwano esitsha esisisigxina kunye nentlawulo ephantsi yokuqhawula (iintsuku ezingama-33 xa kuthelekiswa ne-45 yangoku). Ikhontrakthi esisigxina iye yanexabiso eliphantsi

http://elpais.com/diario/1997/04/29/economia/862264820_850215.html

Ixesha elipheleleyo linokufumaneka apha http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2010/06/15/actualidad/1276587186_850215.html

Uluhlu olubandakanya itshathi luhamba kuphela ngo-2004 kodwa sonke siyalazi elo bali. Ukunyuka okukhohlakeleyo kokungabikho kwemisebenzi kunye nohlengahlengiso olutsha lwabasebenzi olukhokelwa nguZapatero kwi-2009 engazange ithintele imisebenzi ukuba iqhubeke nokutshatyalaliswa kwizinga eliphezulu kakhulu kwi-3 iminyaka engaphezulu.

6 Matshi we2009

IBhunga labaPhathiswa livunywe yi-Decree-Law imilinganiselo emithandathu engaqhelekanga yokugcina nokukhuthazwa kwengqesho kunye nokukhuselwa kwabangasebenziyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba izindululo sele zixoxiwe ngokwaneleyo kwitafile yengxoxo yentlalontle.

http://elpais.com/diario/2009/03/07/economia/1236380402_850215.html

Isishwankathelo saloo minyaka ye-35 ngumzamo oqhubekayo wokuququzelela ukugxothwa kunye nokuqeshwa, amanyathelo angathanga ngqo okukhuthaza umsebenzi njengokunciphisa iminikelo, amanyathelo okuqulatha umvuzo, njl. Ngamafutshane, ukwanda kokuguquguquka.

Nangona kunjalo, asikwazi ukubona ubudlelwane be-causal phakathi kwala manyathelo kunye nokuncipha kwentswela-ngqesho, akukho meko iye yaphuka kwaye emva kweminyaka engama-35 yokuguquguquka, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi yinto eqhubekayo kuqoqosho lwaseSpain kwaye umthamo wengqesho unobuzaza kakhulu ukukhula koqoqosho.

Ngoko ke akukho ngqiqweni ukunyanzelisa ukuba kubekho ukuguquguquka ngakumbi ukusombulula ingxaki xa iminyaka engama-35 yamava isibonise ukuba izenzo ezinjalo azinamsebenzi.

Apha kuyimfuneko ukufaneleka into ethile, isihloko esithi "ubuxoki bokunqongophala kokuguquguquka kwemarike yabasebenzi baseSpain" yinyani kuphela inxalenye kuba ibhekisela kuphela kwinto eninzi yabantu eyiqondayo ngokuthi "ukuguquguquka", okuyiyo into kuxoxiwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kodwa oku kubhekisela kuphela ekuguquguqukeni kwangaphandle, okubonakalayo kwimarike apho imisebenzi ye-2 yezigidi inokutshatyalaliswa kwaye yenziwe ngokutsha kwiminyaka nje eyi-6, kwaye ayiqwalasela ukuguquguquka kwangaphakathi, okubaluleke kakhulu kwaye apho ingaba yimbangela yokwenene Ukungaqeshwa okuphindaphindiweyo.

Ndincoma ukufunda oku, akukude kwaye kuthe ngqo. Kolu xwebhu ndikhupha ezi ngcamango zilandelayo.

https://www.uam.es/otros/jaeet13/comunicaciones/14_Macroeconomia_y_MT1/Lebrancon_Nieto.pdf

Into esiyibonayo kwitheyibhile nakwigrafu linani leeyure ezisetyenzisiweyo ngomsebenzi ngamnye kunye nokwahluka kweeyure ezisetyenzisiweyo kwixesha le-2007-2011, phakathi kwengxaki.

Ngo-2007/2008 kwaqhawuka umkhwa kwaye ngexesha lobunzima intswela-ngqesho yanyuka kodwa iiyure ezisetyenzisiweyo ngomsebenzi ngamnye zonyuka, ngokungafaniyo noninzi lwamazwe e-OECD. Oku kubonisa uphawu lwemarike yezemisebenzi yaseSpain, iyakwazi ukutshabalalisa nokudala imisebenzi ngokukhawuleza kodwa ayisebenzi kakuhle ekusasazeni umsebenzi.

Izinga lokungaqeshwa liboniswe ngezantsi kunye neengcinga ezimbini apho umthwalo womsebenzi kunye nabantu abasebenzayo bagcinwa khona kodwa umkhwa wokunciphisa iiyure ezisetyenzisiweyo uyaqhubeka.

Kodwa kutheni amandla oqoqosho lwaseSpain esasaza umsebenzi anqongophele kangaka?

Esinye isizathu sinokufumaneka kwisikali seshishini.

Masithi ngumbandela wokusasaza umthwalo onikiweyo phakathi kwenani elithile labasebenzi. Inkampani iya kufuna abasebenzi abayi-51 kwi-counterfactual yokuqala kunye ne-17 kweyesibini, ukuze ikwazi ukwandisa abasebenzi bayo ngomsebenzi omtsha. Lo msebenzi uye wenziwa kucingwa ukuba ifemu ayinakukwazi ukuguqula umsebenzi wayo uwonke kwaye bonke abasebenzi banikezela ngexesha elinye de bakwazi ukubonelela ngesikhundla esitsha ngeshedyuli efana neyabo. Ukudityaniswa kwezikhundla ezinomthwalo ohlukeneyo womsebenzi awuchazwanga apha. Kwi-counterfactual yokuqala, ngomndilili wosuku lokusebenza lweeyure ezingama-33,8, abasebenzi abangama-52 sumarNdisebenze inani elilinganayo leeyure njengezinye ezingama-51 ngosuku lokusebenza lokwenyani: iiyure ezili-1.756. Kwi-counterfactual yesibini, abasebenzi be-18 kwiiyure ze-32 baya kufikelela kumthwalo ofanayo no-17 kwi-35,4: iiyure ze-585 ngeveki. Ngo-2011 eSpain, kuphela phakathi kwe-6 kunye ne-6,5% yeenkampani ezinabasebenzi abanabasebenzi abalingana okanye ngaphezulu kwe-17 yabantu. Iifemu ezinabasebenzi abangaphezulu kwama-50 bezingaphantsi nangakumbi: nje nge-1,7 ekhulwini. Kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo into yokuba i-55% yeenkampani ibizishishini lodwa ngo-2011, ngoko bezingenabasebenzi, kwaye kwiminyaka edlulileyo yolwandiso loo pesenti ayizange yehle ngaphantsi kwe-51%. Ukongeza, kwiifemu ezinabasebenzi, phantse i-80% yazo inabasebenzi aba-5 okanye ngaphantsi. Le milinganiselo inciphisa kakhulu amandla eenkampani ukuba abe bhetyebhetye kwakhona umthwalo wabo womsebenzi ngaphakathi.

Enyanisweni, ubukhulu beenkampani, umba olityelweyo, uhamba ngaphaya kwengxaki yokuguquguquka kwabasebenzi kwaye inxulumene kakhulu nemveliso, utyalo-mali kwi-R&D, ukuthambekela kokuthumela ngaphandle, zonke ezo zinqongopheleyo kuqoqosho lwaseSpain xa kuthelekiswa ne okusingqongileyo.

Enye ifumaneka koosomashishini.

Uncedo lwabaqeshi kwiikontraka zethutyana kunye nezinye iifomula zokuguquguquka kwangaphakathi, okuthetha ukwabiwa kwamaxesha kunye nemithwalo eyahlukeneyo, kunokucuthwa ngenxa yezizathu ezithathu. Eyokuqala ibhekisa kumkhwa okanye isiko apho umsebenzi wesingxungxo uyinto eqhelekileyo kumacandelo athile, imisebenzi kunye namaqela.

Isizathu sesibini sinxulumene nobulula bokubala kunye nokuphumeza ukugxothwa njengendlela yokulungelelanisa. Xa umqeshi kufuneka anciphise nokuba ngumthwalo weyure okanye intlawulo yomvuzo, kulula kakhulu kwaye ngoko nangoko ukuvumela isivumelwano sexeshana ukuba sipheliswe okanye agxothe umqeshwa omnye okanye ngaphezulu kunokuqalisa ukubala kwakhona iiyure kunye noluhlu lomvuzo ukugcina abasebenzi benjalo.

Isizathu sesithathu sinxulumene nesi samva. Ithuba lokugxothwa linokuba nefuthe loqeqesho kubasebenzi.

Ezibini kwezi zizathu zithathu zinxulumene nobunye bemarike yezemisebenzi, ubumbini obudalwe ngokusesikweni ngomthetho kwaye okukhokelela kwezinye iingxaki ezifana nengeniso egqithisileyo kunye nokunqongophala kobuchwephesha, imvakalelo ebuthathaka yomanyano phakathi komsebenzi kunye nenkampani yakhe. njl

Ukuqukumbela, xa uguquko lukhethiwe njengesizathu / isisombululo sokungabikho kwemisebenzi (ngokucacileyo akusiyo kuphela into ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo, sishiya umba wokunciphisa umvuzo kwelinye ingeniso) kufuneka sigxininise kumanyathelo akhuthaza ukuguquguquka kwangaphakathi, ngasentla. kuzo zonke iimeko eziye zandisa ubungakanani beenkampani kwaye zilungise iibhungles ezisemthethweni ezibangele ubumbano lwemarike yezemisebenzi ngaphandle koku kuthetha ukuncitshiswa kokhuseleko lwengqesho (sele lunqabile).