Ezweni lapho iMpi Yezwe II yayishiye iYurophu incithakalo, uNobhala Wezwe WaseMelika UGeorge Marshall wethula umbono oqinile ongashintsha inkambo yomlando: uhlelo losizo lwezomnotho lokwakha kabusha izwekazi laseYurophu. I-Marshall Plan, eqanjwe ngokuhlonipha umdali wayo, ihlanganisa iminyaka engu-75 namuhla.
Ngo-April 3, 1948, umongameli wase-United States, UHarry Truman, wasayina i-Marshall Plan, eyanikeza usizo lwezomnotho emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu ayekhahlanyezwe iMpi Yezwe II. Isinyathelo, okuyinto yathatha iminyaka emine, yanikeza usizo olungaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.000 zamaRandi emazweni angu-16 aseYurophu.
I-Marshall Plan yayingesona nje isenzo sokupha e-United States, kodwa futhi Kwakuyisu lezombangazwe ukugcina ithonya lase-United States eYurophu nokulwa nethonya lamaSoviet esifundeni. Amazwe ahlomula i-Marshall Plan kwadingeka abambisane ukuze athole usizo, olwathuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho nezombangazwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMarshall Plan yasiza ekuhlanganiseni imodeli yezomnotho yaseMelika ngokumelene neSoviet, eyasiza ekunqandeni ukusakazeka kobukhomanisi eYurophu.
Umthelela woHlelo lukaMarshall wawubalulekile futhi uhlala njalo. Amazwe ahlomulayo abe nokwanda kokukhiqizwa kanye nokukhiqiza, kanye Umnotho waseYurophu walulama ngokushesha empini. Uhlelo lukaMarshall lwasiza nasekukhuthazeni ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho kweYurophu, lwabeka isisekelo sokusungulwa kwe-European Union ngawo-1950. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lwaba uphawu lokubambisana phakathi kwe-Atlantic, lwabeka isisekelo sobumbano phakathi kwe-United States. naseYurophu.
Ngaphambi nangemva kokusetshenziswa kwayo
Ngaphambi koHlelo lukaMarshall, Europa Laligubuzelwe yimbubhiso nobumpofu ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe II. Umnotho waseYurophu wawuthinteke kakhulu ngenxa yempi, wahamba abantu abangenazo izinsiza kanye nezimo zokuphila ezibucayi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithonya lamaSoviet lalisakazeka esifundeni, okwakusongela ukuqhubeka nokudicilela phansi isimo sezombangazwe.
Nokho, ngemva kokuqaliswa kwayo, iYurophu yabhekana nokusimama ngokushesha kwezomnotho nezenhlalo. Amazwe ase-Europe ahlomule osizweni akwazi ukwakha kabusha umnotho wawo nokwenza ngcono izimo zokuphila zezakhamuzi zawo. Ukudidiyelwa kwezomnotho okugqugquzelwe uHlelo lukaMarshall nakho yasiza ukuqinisa uzinzo kwezombusazwe esifundeni. Esikhundleni sokuba indawo yezingxabano, iYurophu yaba isibonelo sokubambisana nobumbano phakathi kwezizwe, yabeka isisekelo sobumbano oluseduze phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu.
I-Marshall Plan nayo yaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezombangazwe zomhlaba jikelele. Usize ukuqinisa isikhundla se-United States njengomholi womhlaba kanye nokulwa nethonya lamaSoviet eYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yabeka isisekelo senqubomgomo yosizo lwangaphandle yaseMelika esikhathini esizayo, obekuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-United States kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Isikhundla se-USSR
ISoviet Union ekuqaleni yaphikisana neMarshall Plan, ilubiza umzamo we-United States wokuphoqelela imodeli yayo yezomnotho nezepolitiki eYurophu. I-USSR nayo yayikhathazekile ngethonya elikhulayo le-United States eYurophu, eyayisongela ukuthunaza lesi sifunda futhi isuse iSoviet Union njengamandla amakhulu.
Ephendula uHlelo lukaMarshall, iSoviet Union yasungula i-COMECON, inhlangano yezomnotho eyayihlanganisa amazwe ezenhlalakahle aseMpumalanga Yurophu. I-COMECON ihlose ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho phakathi kwamazwe ezenhlalakahle kanye nokuphikisana nomthelela we-Marshall Plan eYurophu. Nokho, naphezu kwemizamo yeSoviet Union, iMarshall Plan yaphumelela futhi yaba nengxenye ekuvuseleleni umnotho nezenhlalo eNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Ohulumeni bamazwe ngamazwe
Phakathi neminyaka uHlelo lukaMarshall lwenziwa ngayo, uHulumeni wase-United States wawuholwa uMongameli uHarry S. Truman, owathatha izintambo ngemva kokushona kukaMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt ngo-1945, wathembisa ukuqhubeka nenqubomgomo yokusiza eYurophu. iqalwe ngumanduleli wakhe.
I-Truman Administration ibhekane nezinselelo ezibalulekile zenqubomgomo yangaphandle, okuhlanganisa ukuqala kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi neSoviet Union kanye nokulwa nobukhomanisi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Truman Administration yenze izinguquko ezibalulekile zangaphakathi, ezifana nokugunyazwa Kohlelo Lukazwelonke Lokuvikeleka Komphakathi. Wabuye wahola umzamo wokudala iZizwe Ezihlangene futhi wengamela ukunqoba kwe-Allied eMpini Yezwe II.
Kwamanye amazwe, abaholi abahluke kakhulu babephethe, okuhlanganisa nomashiqela ngezikhathi ezithile, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuthebula elilandelayo:
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