Okukhethekile Juni 15. Iminyaka engu-40 "yombuso wama-78"

Sekudlule iminyaka engamashumi amane kusukela okhethweni lokuqala lwentando yeningi eSpain ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amane yombuso wobushiqela. Kwabaningi, iminyaka embalwa emangalisayo: inkathi enkulu kunazo zonke nende kunazo zonke yentando yeningi, inkululeko nokuchuma izwe lethu elake lakujabulela. Nokho, kwabanye, lolo khetho lwaphawula ukuqala kombuso ohlulekile, odla ifa lamaphutha nokulinganiselwa okungagcina kuholele ekuhlulekeni kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-21.

Umlando uzonquma ukuthi ubani owayeqinisile:

1975. Ukufa kukamashiqela. “Umyalezo wakhe wokugcina” wengamele ukungena kuzo zonke izikole ezweni izinyanga eziningi.

1976. Ngemva kukaKhisimusi, kanye nenkulumo kaFranco, uMlayezo Wokuqala Wenkosi wafakwa emagumbini okufundela. Iphimbo lakhe lase lihluke kakhulu. Unyaka okwavulwa ngawo, nawo.

Ulayini wokuvota. NgoJuni 15, 1977, umphakathi waseSpain waya okhethweni ngobuningi. Abaningi base belinde amashumi eminyaka ukuze bakwazi ukukwenza.

Ngomhla ziyisi-6 kuZibandlela 1978, uMthethosisekelo wagunyazwa iningi elikhulu kunhlolovo. Izilimi ze-Autonomous Communities esanda kuqashelwa zathatha imvelo yazo.

Okhethweni lwango-1979, i-UCD kaMongameli u-Adolfo Suárez yaphinda ukunqoba kwayo eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili. Umbuso omdala manje wawusemva kwethu nakanjani.

1980. Ukhetho lwesifunda eCatalonia nasezweni laseBasque. Ukugunyazwa komthetho wase-Andalusian. Umbuso Wokuzibusa uqala ukunyakaza.

1981. Izinguquko zaba ngokuzumayo futhi zaba nesibindi ukuze imikhakha yakudala yaseFranco ifane. Ngo-February 23, bazama ukuketula umbuso kodwa behluleka.

1982. Umphakathi waqiniswa ngemva kokuzama ukuketula umbuso, futhi wavotela ngobuningi iSocialist Party, eyazuza inani elikhulu kunawo wonke kuntando yeningi.

1983. Uhulumeni wezenhlalakahle uphuca inkampani ephethe iRumasa kusomabhizinisi owaziwayo uJosé María Ruiz Mateos.

Ngo-1984, i-PSOE, eyafika kuhulumeni ithembisa ukudala amathuba emisebenzi ayizi-800.000 20, yabona ukuwohloka komnotho kwabangela izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi lifinyelele cishe ku-3.000.000%, futhi isibalo sabangasebenzi sase sifinyelela ku-XNUMX.

Ngo-1985, uhulumeni wagunyaza umthetho ovimbela ukukhishwa kwezisu.

1986. ISpain ingena ku-European Economic Community eyayibizwa ngaleso sikhathi (futhi igunyaza ubulungu ku-NATO kunhlolovo)

Ngo-1987, i-ETA yenza ukuhlasela kwamaphekula esitolo esikhulu sase-Hipercor e-Barcelona. Ukubulawa kwakhe okuchitha igazi kakhulu, phakathi kokunye okuningi kwenziwa ngaphambi nangemuva.

Disemba 14, 1988. Impumelelo yesiteleka esikhulu esiphikisana nenqubomgomo yezomnotho kahulumeni we-PSOE. Ukungaboni ngaso linye kuyaqala, iholidi lika-González nesokunxele liyaphela.

1989. Abesifazane bokuqala bangena ebuthweni, ngokuphikiswa okuqinile kokuqala. Namuhla izinkulungwane zabo zibambe iqhaza emishinini eminingi emhlabeni jikelele.

Iziteshi zokuqala zikamabonakude ezizimele zizalwa: i-Antena 3, iCanal + neTelecinco. Ukubusa kweziteshi ezimbili ze-TVE kuyaphela.

Ngo-1991, u-Alfonso Guerra, iphini likamongameli kaHulumeni, wasula ngenxa yecala lika-"Juan Guerra". Amanye amacala enkohlakalo ayavela, afana noFilesa. I-PSOE ibekezelela ngenxa ye-charisma ka-Felipe González.

IMidlalo Yama-Olympic ka-1992 yayiwubakaki onokuthula eminyakeni ethile eyinkimbinkimbi. Inkosana encane yayiwumphathi wezinga oshayelwa ihlombe, futhi impumelelo yezemidlalo nenhlangano yasibeka endaweni ethandwayo emhlabeni.

Ifulege lalingasetshenziselwa izinjongo zezemidlalo noma ezinhle ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngo-1993, kwavela inqwaba yamacala enkohlakalo endaweni yombuso: uRoldán, uPaesa, uBanesto, njll., njll. Noma kunjalo, i-PSOE yakwazi ukunqoba ukhetho lukazwelonke, futhi.

U-Belle Epoque uwine i-Oscar ngefilimu yangaphandle ehamba phambili. Ngaleso sikhathi, uLuis Roldán uyabaleka, uSolchaga noCorcuera basule, futhi kusakazwa amahlazo amaningi.

I-Socialist u-Javier Solana uqokwe njengoNobhala Jikelele we-NATO ngo-1995. Ukulalela okungekho emthethweni okwenziwa yi-CESID kubikwa.

Ekugcineni, ngemva kweminyaka yokugxeka inkohlakalo kahulumeni we-PSOE, i-PP yakwazi ukunqoba ukhetho lukazwelonke ngo-1996, nakuba yayinesilinganiso esincane kunalokho okwakulindelwe.

I-ETA ithumba futhi ibulale ikhansela uMiguel Angel Blanco ngo-1997. Akukho okufanayo ku-ETA kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

U-Santander wethula ibhidi yokuthatha (ukunikezwa kokutholwa komphakathi) kwe-Banesto. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isikhathi sokutholwa, ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokunwetshwa kwamazwe ngamazwe komkhakha wamabhange waseSpain ochumayo.

Ngo-1999, iSpain, ngemva kokwenza ukulungisa okunzima, nokuvumelana nezimfuneko ezibekwe eMaastricht, yaba yingxenye ye-Monetary Union eyayizokwethula i-euro ukuze ithathe indawo yezimali zezwe.

ISpain inqoba iDavis Cup okokuqala. Impumelelo yezemidlalo ingenye yezimbangela ezinkulu zemizwa yezwe.

2001. Icala le-ERE lembulwa e-Andalusia

Unyaka ka-2002. I-Prestige oil tanker ishona ogwini lwaseGalician. UNgqongqoshe uMariano Rajoy ubhekene nenhlekelele yemvelo. Umphakathi uyabuthana ukuze unciphise umonakalo.

2003. Amazwe aseNtshonalanga ahlangana “nezikhali zokucekela phansi okukhulu” okusolwa ukuthi i-Iraq iziqoqile. ISpain ihamba phambili ekusekeleni isenzo sezempi.

Okunye kokuhlasela kokuqala kwamaJihadist kwenzeka eSpain, futhi kubangela ukufa kwabantu abacishe babe ngama-200. Ukuphathwa okuyiphutha kwale nkinga, ukuvela kwayo ku-ETA, kanye nesiyaluyalu senhlalo esalandela ezinsukwini ezintathu ngemva kokhetho, kubangele ukuhlulwa okhethweni kwe-Popular Party kanye nokunqoba kwe-PSOE ka-Zapatero.

U-Zapatero ugunyaze umshado wobungqingili ngo-2005. ICongress yenqabe "I-Ibarretxe Plan" ye-Basque Lehendakari.

Ukuguqulwa kweSitatimende SaseCatalan ngo-2006, kwagcina kumenyezelwe yiNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo ngokuphambene kancane nomthethosisekelo ngo-2010, okwadala ukusabela okunamandla emphakathini.

Ngo-2007, uMongameli Zapatero wakhuthaza uMthetho Wokuncika, owagcina ungazange ufeze zonke izinhloso zawo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemali.

Kuqubuka izingqinamba ezingathi sína zezimali e-United States nakwezinye izindawo, uMongameli Zapatero angazi ngazo.

2009. Inkinga ifinyelela eSpain nabo bonke unya lwayo. Izinyathelo zokushaqeka nezokuvuselela ziyazanywa kodwa azisebenzi. Ukushoda kokugeleza.

2010. U-Zapatero uphoqeleka ukuthi enze ukusikeka okukhulu ngokuphambene nezinyathelo zangaphambilini. Icala likaNoos liyaqala.

Unyaka ka-2011. Endleleni eya ku-5.000.000 abantu abangasebenzi, intukuthelo yomphakathi iyachichima. Ukunyakaza kwe-15-M kuyazalwa. Iqembu Elidumile liwina ukhetho lukazwelonke.

Uhulumeni we-PP uyaqhubeka futhi ugcizelela inqubomgomo yokusika. Uguquko lwezabasebenzi luvunyiwe. Kukhona impendulo enamandla emphakathini. Isiteleka esijwayelekile ngoMashi 20, 2012.

2013. Umnotho awusabeli. Izigidi eziyisithupha zabantu abangasebenzi zifinyelelwe. Uhulumeni Weqembu Elidumile unamacala athile enkohlakalo. Icala lika-Bárcenas, izinsolo ezinesisekelo esiqinile zokuxhasa iqembu ngokungemthetho.

Egxekwa ngesimo sakhe sengqondo kanye namahlazo omndeni, iNkosi uJuan Carlos I, umlingiswa oyinhloko wenguquko, uyahoxa. Indodana yakhe uFelipe VI ithatha izintambo. Ama-Podemos avela ngokumangala okhethweni lwase-Europe: I-15-M isivele inobukhona bezepolitiki. Amacala amaningi enkohlakalo (Púnica) athinta i-PP.

2015. Inkohlakalo ivimbezela i-PP futhi ihlambalaza i-PSOE. I-Podemos kanye ne-Ciudadanos iqede uhlelo lwendabuko lwamaqembu amabili okhethweni lwama-20-D.

2016. Unyaka wokuvinjwa kwezikhungo kanye nokungakwazi ukwakha izikhulu. Luphela ngemuva kokhetho lwesibili lapho i-PP iphakamisa izikhundla naphezu kwamahlazo ayo, iziveza njengomsekeli wozinzo nokusimama komnotho.

2017. I-PSOE ibheka indawo yayo. Iphathi Edumile izama ukunqoba amahlazo ayo abucayi. Inselele yenhlangano yenkululeko yamaCatalan ifinyelela umkhawulo wayo. Ukungaqiniseki okuningi mayelana nendlela iSpain ezogcina isithatha.