[Okukhethekile] u-Al Hoceima: Ingcindezelo yase-Moroccan ebusweni be-'Berber spring'.

Kakade iminyaka eyisikhombisa kusukela kwaqala i-Arab Spring eTunisia, lapho ukuzibulala komthengisi ngemva kokuba amaphoyisa ashaqe izimpahla zakhe kanye nempahla yakhe kwabangela uchungechunge lwemibhikisho emikhulu yabantu bamazwe ama-Arab aseNyakatho Afrika nasePersian Gulf ngokumelene nokucindezelwa kohulumeni babo nabaholi babo.

Leli gagasi lezinxushunxushu lakhula ngokungalingani emazweni ehlukene lapho imibhikisho yaba khona, yadala izinguquko kwezokuphatha, ukuwa kohulumeni nokuvulwa kwemibuso ebheke embusweni wentando yeningi yaseNtshonalanga, kodwa nokuketulwa kwabaholi okwaholela ekuqalekeni kwezimpi zombango eziningana.

I-Arab Spring yafinyelela ezweni elingumakhelwane lase Morocco kakhulu ngoFebhuwari 2011 ngemuva kokubulawa kwabantu abasha abambalwa njengombhikisho wokungalingani kwezenhlalo (yize kuyiqiniso ukuthi ngo-2010 kwaba nemibhikisho enamandla endaweni yaseWestern Sahara eyaphetha ngokuxabana okunzima neziphathimandla zaseMoroccan ezikwazile ukuyivala ingcindezi enamandla). Ngalesi sikhathi inkosi yaseMorocco, U-Mohamed VI umemezele izinguquko kumthethosisekelo ukushweleza imibhikisho ngokuqoqa ingxenye yezimfuno zabo, okuthulise isimo.

Kodwa kude nokuhlala endaweni yokuthula, ezinyangeni ezedlule uMbuso WaseMoroccan ububhekene nengxabano entsha esongela ukubeka isikhundla sezwe engcupheni emkhakheni wamazwe ngamazwe ngaphezu kokuyekethisa isithombe seNkosi yawo: Ukungqubuzana kweRif nemibhikisho e-Al Hoceima.

Ukuze siqonde umsuka wokungqubuzana phakathi kukaHulumeni wase-Rabat kanye ne-Rif, kufanele sibuyele emuva maphakathi nekhulunyaka elidlule futhi sibheke umlando wawo wakamuva, futhi sigqamise imininingwane ehlukahlukene yendawo, yezepolitiki kanye neyokuphatha eyenza lokhu. indawo enezingxabano.

I-Rif insimu enkulu egudla ugu olusenyakatho yeMorocco. ukusuka e-Yebala ukuya emngceleni ne-Algeria, ehlanganisa izindawo ezimbalwa zobukhosi baseSpain njengedolobha elizimele laseMelilla noma iDwala lase-Alhucemas.

Ngezibalo zabantu iningi lama-berber, izakhamuzi zakhona eziningi zingaphansi kwalesi sizwe futhi zilondoloza i-Riffian Tarifit njengolimi lwazo lwebele, oluhambisana nesi-Arabhu futhi, ngokwezinga elincane, isiFulentshi neSpanishi.

Ngokwendawo ihlanganisa izifundazwe eziyisithupha (iTaza, iBerkane, iDriouch, i-Oujda, iNador ne-Al Hoceima) futhi ngenxa yalokho ihlanganisa amadolobha afana ne-Al Hoceima, iMelilla noma iNador.

Ngokokuphatha Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka elidlule iRif ibingaphansi kwesivikelo saseSpain okuxhunyaniswe neqiniso lokuthi ingxenye yabantu bakhona inomsuka wokuxoshwa kwamaSulumane okwenziwa eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia phakathi nokubusa kwaMakhosi AmaKatolika.

Kwakuyingxenye yokuvikelwa kwaze kwaba yilapho iMoroccan ithola inkululeko ngo-1956, nakuba abantu baseRiff bebelokhu bekhombisa. umlingiswa ozimele onamandla futhi ilwe neSpain kanye neMorocco ukuze ithole inkululeko yayo.

Phakathi kuka-1911 no-1921 ukusungulwa endaweni yoMvikeli waseSpain kwabangela ukuvukela umbuso kwamaRiffian okwaholela empini phakathi kwabantu baseBerber namasosha aseSpain, okwaholela ekumenyezelweni kwempi. IRif Republic ngo-1921 ngemva kokunqotshwa kweSpanishi kulokho okubizwa ngeNhlekelele Yonyaka.

Le Riphabhulikhi yayihlanganisa indawo ephakathi kweTetouan neNador, isungula inhloko-dolobha yayo e-Axdir, nakuba kuphela. yahlala iminyaka emi-5 kwaze kwaba ngo-1926 amasosha aseSpain ayihlakaza ngemva kokunqoba amaRiffian endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Alhucemas Landing.

Ngo-1956, ngemva kokukhululeka kweMorocco, iSpain yasayina ukuzimela kweRif futhi yaba yingxenye yezwe elisha laseMoroccan, nakuba. Kusukela ngomzuzu wokuqala izifunda zaseRif zavalwa ngaphandle empilweni yepolitiki yaseMoroccan. Ngenxa yalezi zenzakalo, ngo-1958 abakwaRiffian baphinde bavukela iMorocco, kodwa iNkosi u-Hassan II yayala amabutho ayo ukuba aqede ukuvukela, okwaphetha ngokuthi kwafa abantu abangu-8000 XNUMX ngasohlangothini lwaseBerber.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Uhulumeni wase-Rabat wanquma ukuhlukanisa iRif ngokwezomnotho, kwezombusazwe kanye nasesidlangalaleni, njengoba nje esuse zonke izinkomba zesiko lama-Berber ngenhloso yokuthi, esikhathini esimaphakathi, aqede isifiso sale ndawo sokuzimela. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, uRabat wanquma cindezela ngokhahlo noma yikuphi ukusikisela kokubhikisha eRif, futhi yacindezelwa ukuze iSpain inganikeli izwi kubantu baseBerber baseMelilla.

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s i-PSOE yanquma ukunikeza Ukuba yisakhamuzi saseSpain kubabaleki baseRif abahlala eMelilla futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi abaningi babo bazinza kule nhlonhlo futhi balwela ukugcina isiko labo lamaBerber ngenkathi benikeza izwi ezimfuno zamaRifian kanye nokucindezelwa abantu bakubo ababengaphansi kwayo. Abaningi babo babonise isithakazelo ekuhlanganiseni zonke izindawo ezingaphakathi kweRif, kuhlanganise nedolobha laseMelilla.

Ngemva kokufika emandleni ka-Mohamed VI, izinyathelo ezimelene namaRifi zaqala ukuphakanyiswa, nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi Ngo-2008 wanquma ukwenqabela iqembu elikhulu lezepolitiki laseBerber okwabacasula abakwaRifi.

Kepha ingxabano enkulu yamanje ne-Al Hoceima inemvelaphi yayo Okthoba 2016 ngesikhathi umdayisi wezinhlanzi egaywa waze wafa yiloli likadoti ngesikhathi ezama ukubuyisela impahla ayeyithathelwe amaphoyisa aseMorocco.i-ado, eyadala imibhikisho emikhulu esifundeni sase-Rif nasengxenyeni ye-Morocco yonke into eyayibonakala njengophawu lokudangala kwabantu base-Rif ngenxa yezimo ezimbi zomnotho asebehlale kuzo isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu. ikhulu leminyaka.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imibhikisho e-Al Hoceima ayizange ime, futhi nakuba uHulumeni waseRabat ekuqaleni ubheke le mibhikisho njengokuvukela okugqugquzelwa izithakazelo zakwamanye amazwe, Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule uvumile ukuthi izicelo ze-Rif Popular Movement bezinengqondo futhi wethembisa ukusheshisa ukutshalwa kwezimali. ukwakha izibhedlela, amanyuvesi kanye nokwenza ngcono ingqalasizinda yendawo engasekho.

Kukude nokwethemba amazwi enkosi yabo, e-Al Hoceima imibhikisho iqhubekile lapho uRabat esabela ngokuyalela ukuthi ukuboshwa ngoMeyi komholi omkhulu weMovement, uNasser Zefzafi, okumanje uboshiwe eCasablanca kanye nabanye ababambe iqhaza abayi-100 be-Protest Movement nabo baboshiwe.

Njengamanje isibalo sabantu base-Al Hoceima sihlala edolobheni elivikelwe ngamaphoyisa odlame aseMoroccan, nakuba kuyivelakancane ukubona usuku lapho imibhikisho, imibhikisho noma ukuvukela umbuso kungabhalwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwesisi esikhalisa unyembezi amahora amaningi kubabhikishi kanye nokuboshwa kwezintatheli eziningi ebezibika ngezibhelu 'ngokugqugquzela ukubamba iqhaza emibhikishweni' kwengeze uphethiloli kulo mlilo.

Ezinsukwini zakamuva, uMbuso WaseMoroccan uqinise izinyathelo zawo zokuvimbela imibhikisho, usabisa ngokuhoxisa amalayisense abashayeli bamatekisi ukuze bangabambi labo abafuna ukujoyina izingxabano, ukusungula izilawuli zokufinyelela ekungeneni nasekuphumeni kwe-Al Hoceima futhi okuvimbela ukufinyelela.kusuka ezweni lonke ukuya edolobheni ukugwema izithombe zemibhikisho emikhulu.

AbakwaRiffian, abasekude nokudikibala, bayakuqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke bayeke kuze kube bakhulula labo ababoshelwe ukubhikisha (abahlale enkantolo kusukela ngoMeyi) futhi kuze kufike usizo lwezenhlalakahle kanye nokuqedwa kwesifunda, into eshayisana kakhulu ne izithakazelo za I-Rabat, engafuni ukunikeza isithombe sobuthakathaka emhlabeni.

Wonke umuntu usengozini enkulu kulezi zinyanga, ngisho naseSigodlweni bayazi ukuthi uma i-Arab Spring ibafundise noma yini, kungukuthi yonke into ingathatha inguquko enkulu emahoreni angama-48 kuphela futhi. ukungalingani noma ukuphaphama ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe kungaqeda ngisho namandla amisiwe ka-Mohamed VI, kuyilapho abantu baseRifi befisa ukulinganisa izimo zabo zenhlalo nezwe lonke futhi, ngubani owaziyo, ukuzuza ukuzimela ngolunye usuku.

Futhi uma sinikezwe lokhu, kusuka kumakhelwane uMelilla sibheka ukubuza kukho konke okwenzekayo ngokungaqiniseki kokungalindelekile, ukuphila kwansuku zonke okukude kakhulu nokwabantu baseRifi naphezu kokuba inqwaba yamakhilomitha, kodwa amashumi eminyaka kude.